...I. Introduction According to S. R. Harvey (2004), Public Finance is the branch of economics that studies the taxing and spending activities of government. Public finance refers to government activities including taxing, spending, and budgeting. Government controls the public activities to ensure stabilization of economic. In order to maintain the economic stabilization in the country, there must be budget. Means that budget is important for the government to allocate the expenditure of the country. Budget can be defined as an estimation of income and expenditure for a set period of time. Furthermore, budget is a microeconomic concept that shows the tradeoff made when one good is exchanged for another. . According to Ekstein (1973), budget can been define as detail statement of income and expenditure that have been made or expected to be made. There are several function of a budget which is as a policy tool and instrument. Means that, budget is a tangible of a policy decision whereby budget is a means of establishing policy that been accomplished through the budget’s allocation of government resource. Besides that other function of budget is as a management tool whereby almost all government activities are funded through the budget and since the budget is a continuous process it is an effective tool for the public official because it provides an effective management device at every stage of government activity. Means that, any of the activity planned by government will be reflected...
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...In September 2000, the 189 member countries of the United Nations at that time adopted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). The eight goals are ambitious, and involve among others halving the number of people without clean water and sanitation by 2015. The challenges in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target for sanitation in Zambia by 2015 are many and include the large numbers of temporary latrines, low capacity for sanitation promotion in the country, weak policies and strategies for sanitation promotion, low support for sanitation in donor supported programs, social resistance to the use of the latrines, and lack of multi-sectoral partnerships for sanitation promotion. This paper endeavours to outline and discuss the sequential platform of activities in the policy process which the policy maker would use to address the problem of poor sanitation in Luangeni Village of Chief Mpezeni’s area. The essay also attempts to establish the seriousness of the problem of poor sanitation in the village by presenting statistical evidence. In order to fully comprehend and come up with solutions concerning the topic under discussion it is imperative that we understand some key concepts to be used in this essay, these include policy, policy makers and sanitation. Development policy making lies within the domain of the state. The word policy however has no single defination in literature, this is so because there are different points of view and diverging opinions and...
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...Pakistani rural areas Introduction and Background Energy in the form of gas or electricity has become an essential part of global world. The economic growth will be simulated due to the presence of sufficient quality and quantity of electricity at affordable prices. The history about biogas plants goes us back to ancient China and Persia. Millions of bio energy plants have been installed in developing countries like India, china, Nepal etc. In the era of 1950’s small biogas plants have also been installed in India, now these plants are also installing in poor rural areas. In the 19th centenary, the covered sewage tanks were being used by china to generate power energy. The 1st plant of biogas was built in 1859 at the Bombay in the India by Panhwar. 30million rural households in china that have biogas digesters, these rural areas have many benefits such as saving fossil fuels, saving time, protecting forests, saving money, saving cooking time, improve hygienic conditions, improving the rural quality of life, reducing water and air pollution(Prabhu et al.). Biogas is a kind of bio-fuel and it is derived from biogenic. Biologically break down of organic materials in the absence of oxygen is referred to as Biogas. Organic wastes include kitchen-wastes, dead-plants, animal-dung etc, these organic wastes are converted into biogas. Pakistan has one of the biggest unexploited coal and biogas resources. Greater than 70% population of Pakistan is living in rural areas or small towns...
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...environment sector, wherein this report may be a basis for actions and/or intervention. This work focuses on the aspects of understanding the important features of the Bangladesh environment that need to be essentially understood. The purpose of the report is to present the findings of a review done on the environment sector. The review considered the ongoing and past interventions, legal and policy regimes and finally outlined the outstanding issues facing the sector. Objectives of the study It is well established that the process of land use change leads to the alteration of existing environmental conditions of any area. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the existing land use pattern of the selected area; 2. To explore the prime causes of land use change and its Effects on the environment of the study area, and 3. To give some suggestions based on the study findings. gulations for new industries, and strengthening the regulatory system for agro-chemical pollution control. Alternatively, clean-up strategy can be mobilized through private organizations in a public-private partnership approach. Solid waste management. With the high density of...
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...Some parts of the Horn of Africa have been hit by the worst drought in 60 years, the UN says. Large areas of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya are in a crisis or an emergency. The Sahel region of Africa has been suffering from drought since the early 1980s. The land is marginal in Sahel regions over cultivation, overgrazing are human activities can lead to desertification especially when it is combined with drought. Drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall for a specific area, which leads to a shortage of water. A drought occurs when there in to enough rainfall to support people or crops. Sahel is in the Eco-climatic and bio-geographic zone stretch/transition between the Sahara desert (north) and the Sudanian Savannas (south). It is also located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red sea. Covers parts of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Algeria, northern Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, northern Ethiopia and Eritrea Annual rainfall is 200 mm in the north and 600 mm in the south on average. There are not enough wells to access water in the ground to provide irrigation when the rains fail. Since 1985, 77% of tree cover has been cut down, this reduces transpiration from plants and so means rain is less likely. Ethiopia is a very poor country, the 5th poorest in the world. The result of drought is soil erosion, famine, starvation. 60% export food .80% of the population rely on agriculture mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock...
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...2040 Growth Scenarios Analysis October, 2010 Lincoln/Lancaster County Planning Dept. 555 S. 10th Street, Ste. 213 Lincoln, NE 68508 402-441-7491 lincoln.ne.gov Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Growth Scenarios ........................................................................................................................ 1 Urban Map for Scenario A .......................................................................................................... 3 County Map for Scenario A ......................................................................................................... 4 Urban Map for Scenario B .......................................................................................................... 5 . County Map for Scenario B ......................................................................................................... 6 Urban Map for Scenario C .......................................................................................................... 7 . County Map for Scenario C ......................................................................................................... 8 Pros and Cons Summary Table ..................................................
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...Rural Urban divide in India The sharp increase in rural-urban disparities in India after decades of planned development is alarming, for planning itself was conceived as an instrument to narrow down such disparities. RURAL-urban disparities, particularly in post-colonial countries, have for long been one of the causes of concern for the policymakers. The disparities are seen in all spheres of human life - economic and non-economic. The long colonial rule in India had created an urban-rural divide. What causes great concern now-a-days is the sharp increase in the level of disparities after a few decades of planning, especially because planning was conceived as an instrument to narrow down rural-urban disparities. The rural-urban disparities is found across the World, as is indicated with the fact that Cities take up less than two percent of the Earth’s land surface, but are home to almost half of the world’s population and utilize seventy-five percent of the Earth’s resources. In 1998 47 percent of the world’s population lived in cities as opposed to 29 percent in 1950. Globalization is leading to increased urbanization. According to the World Bank, urban areas in developing countries account for an estimated 60 - 80 percent of GDP. Urban populations mainly have greater access to water and sanitation services, but an estimated quarter to a half of those populations live in slums or squatter settlements. As regards India, the statistics are about 70% of the people live in more...
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... CSR review and analysis…………………..9 Stakeholder’s perspective and criticism….12 Conclusion………………………………….14 Recommendation…………………………..15 Executive summary Nestle is a well known multinational company, they operate all around the world and deliver some good quality FMCG, but at the ethical level they don’t really score very well, they have a long history in boycotting from their origin which is Switzerland going to the UK and USA. Their more significant problem comes from their baby milk formula that for many human rights activist was the reason for the death of many kids around world. Nestlé’s story don’t stop here, they are also accused of child labour in Brazil and manipulating farmers, where they were trying to look ethical through helping them when their real intention was actually to regulate the market prices. Aside of the human level, Nestle is also criticised for testing their products on animals like coffee carcinogenicity on mice. But with all this problems, the image is not completely bad for the company as they are trying to act ethical at some levels, such as water, where with the help of some international organisations, they are raising awareness about the important of water and how it can become a major problem in the future if it’s not treated seriously soon. Therefore,...
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...that are inedible to zooplankton. We classified lakes based on the waste-treatment method for shoreline homes: septic, sewer, and undeveloped lakes. Septic lakes occurred along the urban-rural fringe while sewer lakes occurred near urban centers. Septic lakes were more eutrophic than sewer lakes and undeveloped lakes, as indicated by higher levels of phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. These results suggest that septic systems contribute to the high levels of eutrophication in lakes at the urbanrural fringe. Lakes at the urban-rural fringe represent an opportunity for proactive management of urban expansion to minimize lake eutrophication. A lake without shoreline development. Undeveloped lakes were less eutrophic than lakes with shoreline houses. Photo: D. Schindler. INTRODUCTION Residential development in the United States has increased substantially over the last 50 years. Much of that increase has been concentrated in urban areas, where nearly 80% of the United States population currently resides (1). As people move from rural regions and urban centers to the city boundaries and suburbs, cities are growing larger, both in population and in area (1). As cities expand, developers convert land from agricultural areas and forested regions into urban and suburban areas...
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...Water For People—India Country Strategy 2007 – 2011 Final Draft _______________________________________________________________________ Submitted for Consideration by the International Programs Committee December 14, 2006 Glossary ARWSP BEC BESUS CAP CPI—M CSO DFID GoWB GP IEC IMF IT KAP lpcd MDG MNP MoWR NGO NWRC O&M PRA PRI PRSP RSP SWOT TRYSEM USA UT VCHP Accelerated Rural Water Sanitation Programme Bengal Engineering College Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur Comprehensive Action Plan Communist Party of India—Marxist Civil Society Organisations Department for International Funding Government of West Bengal Gram Panchayat Information Education Communication International Monetary Fund Information Technology Knowledge Attitude Practice Litres per capita per day Millennium Development Goals Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Water Resources Nongovernmental Organisation National Water Resource Council Operation and Maintenance Participatory Rural Appraisal Panchayati Raj Institutions Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Rural Sanitation Programme Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment United States of America Union Territory Volunteer Community Health Promoter Contents Section Title Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 Review of Water and Sanitation in India Demographic, Economic and Socio-political...
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...Chapter 01: Introduction & Agribusiness Bangladesh has a first and foremost agrarian economy. It is the single largest producing sector of the economy of Bangladesh. Most of the Bangladeshi people are involved with agricultural activities. They earn their living by doing such activities. It includes about 30% of the country’s GDP. Near about 60% people of our country are involved with agricultural activities which prove that a large amount of labor force is doing such activities. It has a great impact on some major objectives, such as- employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are generally small. Through Cooperatives the use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. Rice, Jute, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are the principal crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 10.11% and 7.33% respectively. For a number of factors, Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved stable increases in food grain production in spite of the often hostile weather conditions. It contains better flood control and irrigation. Agricultural product of Bangladesh: Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh. The production of rice can be harvested 2 or 3 times a year. Wheat is also a valuable agricultural product of our country. However due to weather conditions...
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..., What is CSV How we implement CSV Nutrition Water Rural development Responsible sourcing Environmental sustainability Human rights and compliance Our people Nestlé in society Creating Shared Value and meeting our commitments 2012 Full report Nestlé in society | Creating Shared Value and meeting our commitments 2012 | Full report 1 What is CSV How we implement CSV Nutrition Water Rural development Responsible sourcing Environmental sustainability sustainability Human rights and compliance Our people Nestlé in Society: Creating Shared Value A message from our Chairman and our CEO About this report Nestlé in Society: Creating Shared Value Creating Shared Value explained Nestlé Corporate Business Principles Our Commitments Materiality Key Performance Indicators Summary Consolidated environmental performance indicators Nestlé in society | Creating Shared Value and meeting our commitments 2012 | Full report 3 6 8 9 10 11 15 18 20 2 What is CSV How we implement CSV Nutrition Water Rural development Responsible sourcing Environmental sustainability Human rights and compliance Our people A message from our Chairman and our CEO We have always believed that in order to prosper we need the communities we serve and in which we operate to prosper as well: and that over the long term, healthy populations, healthy economies and healthy business performance are mutually reinforcing. We recognise...
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...both urban and rural areas. Mbire Rural District Council Mbire Rural Council is one of the largest councils in Mashonaland Central province, with a population of 114909.The major ethnic groups residing in Korekore. There is a traditional structure of leadership that has remained intact and that continues to be influential. The population consists mostly of subsistence farmers whose fields are distant from the main village. Crops grown include sorghum, millet, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes and pumpkins. * Problem Statement * The majority of rural households in Mbire Rural district council do not have access to potable drinking water. While many rural towns once had piped water, these systems have fallen into disrepair due to lack of maintenance. Similarly, a few villages had drilled wells with hand pumps near schools and clinics but have lost this infrastructure. Therefore, rural populations draw their water from unprotected springs or rivers located from 300 to 600 meters from the villages or from hand-dug wells, locally known as matsime. The matsime are primitive wells with an average depth of six meters, with a diameter of 1.2 meters and uncovered at the top. The water collected from rivers and matsime is used for bathing, washing clothes, cooking and drinking. Most of the households in the targeted communities do not have latrines. The majority of the population disposes of excreta in the open, rather than using latrines, thereby contaminating water sources and spreading...
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...views being expressed. Potential risks and uncertainties include factors such as general economic conditions, availability and prices of commodities, competitive products and pricing pressures and regulatory developments etc. Responses can only be given to questions, which are not price sensitive. Financial Analysts Meet, Nov 29, 2006 Introduction & CSR Financial Analysts Meet, Nov 29, 2006 An example of CSR Nestlé Milk District Model 45 years of a progressive partnership with farmers FINANCIAL ANALYSTS MEET 29.11.06 Financial Analysts Meet, Nov 29, 2006 AN EXAMPLE OF CSR : NESTLE milk district model 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nestlé – An Overview Evolution of the Nestlé Milk Districts Nestlé in India Nestlé Milk Districts & Rural Growth Concerns for the Environment and the Community Summary and Conclusions Financial Analysts Meet, Nov 29, 2006 1 Nestlé – An Overview Nestlé – The World Food Company Henri Nestlé. Born in 1814. Trained to be a pharmacist. Created the first milk and cereal based infant food Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé Founded the Company in 1867 Nestlé grew from a small company producing powdered milk and cereal products for infants into a global food company feeding much of the world’s population Nutrition and Wellness are at the core of Nestlé’s products and manufacturing. Financial...
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..._______ Water for Life Providing access to clean drinking water for sustainable development _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by: Bahriddin Najmuddinov Firuz Saidov Umed Yusupov Rahimjon Rafiev Nuriddin Lafizov Date submitted: October 24, 2013 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents Project Executive Summary 1 Project Purpose and Overview 2 Project Objectives 2 Project Scope 3 In Scope 3 Out of Scope 3 Deliverables Produced 3 Organizational Impact 4 Project Estimated Effort, Cost and Duration 4 Estimated Effort Hours 4 Estimated Cost 4 Estimated Duration 4 Project Assumptions 5 Project Risks 5 Project Approach 6 Project Organization 6 Organization Chart: 7 Project Approvals (if required) 7 Attachments 8 Project Executive Summary Nearly 79% of the population of Tajikistan resides in rural areas and around 68% of the population does not have appropriate access to safe drinking water. One of the many rural areas with limited access to safe drinking water is Lohur village...
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