...Weapons of Mass Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction (1) Introduction (2) The Term * 1 Early uses of term * 1.1 Evolution of its use * 2 Definitions of the term * 2.1 United States * 2.1.1 Strategic * 2.1.2 Military * 2.1.3 Criminal (civilian) * 3 Common hazard symbols * 3.1 Radioactive weaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non-proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare * 2 History a. 2.1 1940s i. 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ii. 2.1.2 Immediately after the Japan bombings b. 2.2 1950s c. 2.3 1960s d. 2.4 1970s e. 2.5 1980s f. 2.6 Post–Cold War g. 2.7 Sub-strategic use * 3 Nuclear terrorism * 4 Survival (4.2) Nuclear Weapons * 1 Types * 1.1 Fission weapons * 1.2 Fusion weapons * 1.3 Other types * 2 Weapons delivery * 3 Nuclear strategy * 4 Governance, control, and law * 4.1 Disarmament * 4.2 United Nations * 5 Controversy * 5.1 Ethics * 5.2 Notable nuclear weapons accidents * 5.3 Nuclear testing and fallout * 5.4 Public opposition * 6 Costs and technology...
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...post Cold War regarding Weapons proliferation. According to the United States State Department, Weapons proliferation is defined as “The spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Horizontal proliferation refers to the spread of WMD to states that have not previously possessed them. Vertical proliferation refers to an increase in the amount or devastating capacity of any currently existing WMD arsenals within a state.” (1) The United Nations Security Council declared in January 1992 that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction “…constitutes a threat to international peace and security.” (Pg 92 POWMD) Currently the United Nations (UN) has 190 member countries, but only eight of them are known to have WMD capabilities. They are: the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, China, India and Pakistan. The UN believes Israel and North Korea possess nuclear weapons/capabilities, but there is no solid evidence. Weapons proliferation today is on the move, more than a dozen countries had started weapons programs in the past, but all were stopped prior to full-up capabilities coming online. Today several states and sub-national groups to include Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea and the Al-Queda are pursuing clandestine nuclear weapons programs. (2) These counties want prestige, the added security, domestic control and diplomatic bargaining power that comes with possessing WMD. They want a place on the “World stage” and are using the avenue of weapons proliferation to gain...
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...types of weapons of mass destruction. Ans) A weapon of mass destruction is one which can cause harm on multiple species by killing them or altering their DNAs for years to come. The damage inflicted can be upon the environment, biosphere, infrastructure and depends upon the impact of the attack. Before nuclear weapons wee developed and deployed, biological and chemical weapons were considered to be weapons of mass destruction. Historical records point towards the fact that had been conducting research on biological weapons prior to World War I and chemical weapons were widely used during World War I. However, after the US dropped nuclear bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, they came to be known as weapons of mass destruction. As of now, there are eight states which have declared and successfully tested weapons of mass destruction as in nuclear weapons. These include, India, Pakistan, the United States of America, China, France, North Korea, Russia and the United Kingdom. Israel is he only country which maintains silence on whether it does or does not posses weapons or mass destruction. Nevertheless, policy experts believe that Israel has some hundreds of weapons of mass destruction. The US believes that Iran does posses weapons of mass destruction but has of been able to prove thus far. Although it is good to posses weapons of mass destruction, it can prove to be a dangerous proposition. America attached Iraq claiming that the country possessed weapons of mass...
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...give them our blanket seal of approval without further investigation. We do the same thing with those men that stand behind a pulpit and speak to us every, Saturday, Sunday or whenever we meet. They take a stand on something and we follow then because of the place that they stand every time we meet there. They say, “Vote this way “, and without question we vote that way, because Reverend Do Right can’t be wrong! There are times when we give them our blanket seal of approval without further investigation. Let’s look at their track record, in two thousand three, a politician, that I won’t give a name to, led us into a war. He convinced us we were in eminent danger from, “weapons of mass destruction”. We believed him and gave him our seal of approval only to discover that there were no weapons of mass destruction, but a hidden...
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...Darion McClendon Ms. Kelly Lepsig English IV 31 March 2015 Should We Ban Weapons Of Mass Destruction ?? Should weapons of mass destruction be banned ? People say that we should ban these weapons to put an end to mass murder shootings, while I think that if they ban these ¨assault weapons¨ they will be banning the wrong guns. James Holmes a man who used a AR-15 with a 100 round drum magazine to commit a mass murder, because the gun is fully automatic and has accurate shooting he was able to shoot many people at once. Roughly 16,272 murders were committed in the US in 2008 by ¨assault weapons¨. Although these guns are too powerful to be in possession of citizens, I think that we should be able to choose our own protection. They were trying...
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...On August 6, 1945, the United States used a massive, atomic weapon against Hiroshima, Japan. This atomic bomb, the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, flattened the city, killing tens of thousands of civilians. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation three days later, the United States struck again, this time, on Nagasaki.[1] The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. These two events represent the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date. [2] Following a firebombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, and the United States deployed two nuclear weapons developed by the Manhattan Project. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man over Nagasaki on 9 August.[3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first...
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...Week 4 Homework Spin Doctoring Which paths(s) to persuasion is/are present in the global warming case? Both paths can be present in this, or any case. The peripheral route could occur if people who are listing, watching or discussing the global warming case are conserved with cues, such as fear of the ice caps melting. This route can occur when people are induced by incidental cues, such as fear, or attractiveness, likeness to the listener, or desire, or any of the opposites (Myers, 08, pp 232-234). For example I may like the tone of voice of one president candidate while discussing the global warming issue, or I may like the others face, or I could be turned off by one of the two, If this helped make my decision then I went the peripheral route. On the other hand if I was more focused on the issues, or was actively involved and analytical of the issues then I would most likely follow the logical path, which is the Central Route. The Central Route occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond accordingly, this means I am less likely to be focused on the speaker’s attractiveness, or voice when making my decision (Myers, 08, pp 232-234). Thus the route I take, peripheral or central, is dependent upon my motivation or demotivation on the issues, global warming or otherwise. How does the tobacco industry example fit into our understanding of impression management? Impression management is all about controlling ones, or an organizations...
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...non-proliferation in the Korean Peninsula Nuclear weapons are not a joking matter. With the announcement that North Korea had conducted a successful nuclear test in 2006, 2009, and in 2013 (CNN), that the country had officially become a nuclear state, the Republic of Belarus share the same fear that is being felt across the globe on a daily basis. The delegate understands the threat that it poses to Belarus, as well as the international community as a whole. As a result, the delegate of Belarus strongly oppose any further development of the North Korean nuclear weapons program, and urge the great world powers to take action and stop it altogether. North Korea built a nuclear complex in the 1960s. In the 1970s, they expanded their plant into a more capable and complex facility. In 1985, they signed the treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction but then dropped out (Aftergood and Kristensen, 2). Since then, they have fired seven ballistic missiles and conducted two nuclear tests, the more recent test defied UN resolutions 1718 and 1695 (Lee, 1). Belarus is a signer of the NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty and The Republic of Belarus has ratified the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and is showing effort to reduce military arsenals by being a part of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative. Also, Belarus has been a State Party of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) too. Although Belarus had possessed nuclear weapons in the past, it has sent them to Russia...
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...international terrorist network al - Qaeda - the International Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Christians – is a consequence of a single trend prevailing in the contemporary Muslim world - namely, rise of radical and militant Islamism. International terrorist organizations seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction and sabotage plans in the areas of oil and gas. In addition, according to some researchers, operating in Russia's North Caucasus militants are closely linked to the international terrorist network “Al Qaeda”. “Al-Qaeda” has transformed into a movement that brings together independent terrorist cells in the world on an ideological basis. It has established strong contacts with regional extremist organizations in the Islamic Maghreb, in south-east Asia - with a "JI", in Russia - the “Caucasus Emirate” (Bergen, 2006). In addition, the terrorist organization through contacts with pirate syndicates are planning to sabotage the sea lanes, coastal infrastructure in areas of hydrocarbon production. The priority areas they consider Gibraltar, Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb Straits and the Suez Canal. Terrorists eager to facilities and technology of chemical and biological and bacteriological weapons, to the radioactive, toxic...
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...resolve issues (Criticalthinking.org)”. The eight elements of thought are think about the purpose, state the question, gather information, watch your inferences, check your assumptions, clarify your concepts, understand your point of view, and think through the implications. These eight elements of thought come from Dr. Linda Elder and Dr. Richard Paul. We will use Dr. Elder’s and Dr. Paul’s eight elements of thought to analyze and discuss about The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. This is also known as the overview of the WMD Report. The main purpose of this report is to determine and expose the lack of critical thinking that was used by each of the intelligence agencies that assumed that Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, had reconstituted his nuclear weapons program, had biological weapons, had mobile biological weapon production facilities, and had stockpiled and was producing chemical weapons. The coverage of the most public and most damaging intelligence failure in recent American history will be used by the authors to offer their conclusions on what needs to be done to avoid such disastrous misinterpretations and misconceptions. There are several key questions addressed by the authors in this report. First, what led...
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...24 March 2013 English 105 Abolition of Weapons of Mass Destruction Leading to the instantaneous deaths of over 140,000 people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, nuclear weapons are the most dangerous and unnecessary hazard for not only the United States, but all nations around the world (Cimbala 51). Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) including nuclear weapons, were deemed “totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, [and] possibly leading to the destruction of life on Earth and civilization” by Ronald Reagan at the formation of the nuclear age (Shultz 2). Nuclear weapons cost the United States enormous amounts of money every year, result in the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other nations, concentrate power undemocratically and risk nuclear accidents; therefore, should be utterly eliminated. United States spending not only includes the manufacture of weapons, but also upkeep of the weapons, compensation for the fallout when testing the weapons, compensation to citizens with radiation exposure, emergency locations for citizens, recovery and waste disposal efforts, and defense spending. According to the Brookings Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project the United States disbursed an estimated $35.1 billion on all U.S. nuclear weapons and weapon related programs (Schwartz 7). $14 billion is set aside to maintain and house the nearly 20,000 nuclear weapons across the United States (Kimbrell 1). If these weapons were eliminated billions of dollars could...
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...EO 12938 is an executive order that was signed on November 14, 1994 by then president William J. Clinton (Clinton, 1994). The executive order explains some of the sanctions that should be imposed on U.S. persons, Foreign persons, and foreign countries, that are supporting or are directly involved in the process of developing, producing, stockpiling, or delivering weapons of mass destruction (Clinton, 1994). The objective of the executive order is to use the sanctions as a deterrent that will help prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Regarding foreign persons, EO 12938 prevents the United States from making any contracts or business with any foreign person if there is enough evidence that leads the United States to believe...
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...Table of Contents • Introduction • Definition and Model of Agenda Setting Theory • Scope and functions • Walter Lippman – Public Opinion (excerpt from Media Control – Noam Chomsky) • Concept of Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky o Excerpts form the book - Manufacturing Consent by Noam Chomsky • Case studies o WMD i.e. Weapons of Mass Destruction being used repeatedly by media • Situation in India o Media focusing on Scams repeatedly and not giving due importance to the other relevant news. • Conclusion Introduction The power of the news media to set a nation’s agenda, to focus public attention on a few key public issues, is an immense and well-documented influence. Not only do people acquire factual information about public affairs from the news media, readers and viewers also learn how much importance to attach to a topic on the basis of the emphasis placed on it in the news. Newspapers provide a host of cues about the salience of the topics in the daily news – lead story on page one, other front page display, large headlines, etc. Television news also offers numerous cues about salience – the opening story on the newscast, length of time devoted to the story, etc. These cues repeated day after day effectively communicate the importance of each topic. In other words, the news media can set the agenda for the public’s attention to that small group of issues around which public...
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...views strongly wore off on the young Hussein and Hussein later joined the Ba’ath Party. At a young age, he started pushing for his own power in government. On July 16, 1979, Hussein became the President of Iraq when he forced his distant cousin, Hassan Al-Bakr, to retire. “To ensure his control, Suddam ordered the execution of dozens of top ranking soldiers.” The first Gulf War began when Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. In the second Gulf War, there was three ways Hussein could have gone about the situation of refusing the U.N. inspectors to search Iraq for weapons of mass destruction: he could prove that Iraq does not have any weapons of mass destruction which will make him lose domestic and regional control and dominance, he could have weapons of mass destruction ambiguity which would preserve Iraqi power, or he could tell people that Iraq does in fact have weapons of mass destruction which would violate U.N. resolution 687 and face western intervention. Because Hussein wanted to remain in power of Iraq, his best option, which he followed, would be the WMD ambiguity. This way, no one...
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...Is war ever justified? I believe that war can never be justified. Believing that it is justified is saying that it’s okay for several hundred thousands of civilians to die just for the sake of what leaders in this world believe is ‘justice’. War is a disease, a disaster created entirely by people, to be used against people. War is not an accident, it’s a decision made by a handful of people sitting in a room that don’t care about the human race but only about themselves. Nations spend vast amounts of money on training soldiers to fight and kill, and even more on devising and manufacturing weapons and machinery for fighting and killing. Approximately $1800 billion dollars is spent every year worldwide on war. $1800 billion dollars. Now, how much does it approximately cost to eradicate poverty worldwide? $60 billion dollars. And yet 30 times that sum of money is being spent on war. Some people would say that war is used to obtain justice in this World, or that it’s used to save people from tyrannical dictatorships. But is it worth the body count that comes after the war? World War 2 was one of the most devastating wars in the history of mankind. 60 million people died, 40 million of which were civilians that died for one reason. War. If Hitler didn’t instigate a war, then 60 million people wouldn’t have died. If war was something that didn’t exist, then those 60 million people could still be with their friends and family. War has caused pain and trauma for everybody involved...
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