...sparticists. They were led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. They argued strongly against the views the Weimar Republic leader Ebert policies. Early in 1919 the Sparticists launched their bid for power, joined by ex-soldiers and sailors they seized control of many towns. The Kaiser had been exiled and the allies made Germany have a democracy therefore the birth of the Weimar Republic. Many Germans though were against this as they were used to the old German ways; this caused much civil unrest and led to many acts of violence. The treaty of Versailles was created this was very outrageous for many Germans for example Germany had to accept responsibility for the war. The Germans thought that the Weimar Republic had stabbed Germany in the back. Finally the threat from the right these people liked the Kaisers way of rule and did not like the idea of democracy this caused even more unrest and caused riots in the future. These people were called the Freikorps. The leader Dr Wolfgang Kapp. Explain why the trench occupation of the ruhr causes problems for Germany in 1923 In January in 1923 French and Belgium troops entered the Ruhr to try and take resources for Germany to pay back their debt. The results of the occupations were a disaster for the Germans for example, over 100 workers were killed due to the governments order to not help the French and Belgium get any goods. The Weimar Republic was forced to enter passive resistance until the French and Belgium left yet, the stopping of...
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...‘Stresemann Years’ of the Weimar Republic, 1924-29? Timeline: 1924: May: Nationalist vote increases in Reichstag elections August: Reichstag accepts the Dawes Plan 1925: February: Death of President Ebert April: Hindenburg elected President October: Locarno Treaties signed 1926: September: Germany admitted the League of Nations 1927: August: Commercial Treaty signed – between France and Germany 1928: May: Number of socialist votes in Reichstag election increase 1929: September: Allies begin military evacuation of the Rhineland October: Stresemann dies December: Referendum upholds decision to adopt Young Plan. Relative Political Stability * This period of the Weimar = absence of attempts to threaten republic * However – no political stability = parliamentary system failed to develop * Main reason for no development: Coalition government = not enough support to tackle issues that faced democracy (blame with political parties) * Some parties still acted as interest groups representing own sectional group rather than national parties government (due to their inexperience in forming govt) * Due to PR – parties need to be cooperative [eg. DVP’s association with business interest made them refuse coalition with SPD in 1926] – therefore frequent political paralysis * Inability to cooperate = inability to tackle social/economic problems * Therefore not really politically stable Chancellor’s of the Weimar Republic, 1923-30: - ...
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...‘Germany experienced a period of political calm, economic development and social progress in the mid-1920s? How far do you agree with this judgement? (30 marks) It is argued by many historians that Germany experience a period of political calm, economic development and social progress in the mid 1920s for a variety of reasons. There is evidence to support the claim that the economy developed in the mid 1920s, due to the fact that there was significant monetary stability and a growth in available capital. Furthermore, one can argue that social progression was achieved, as a result of the improvement in housing and public health and the development of a Weimar culture. Moreover, it can be argued that political stability was maintained in this period due to the outcome of the 1924 May elections, the Dawes plan and the election of Hindenburg as President. However, while this is true, it is important to remember that there is also sufficient evidence to support the view that Germany did not experience a period of political calm, economic development and social progress as economic instability contributed to the deterioration in social development, as the economic discord between employers and labourers resulted in polarisation. Moreover, the extent of social development in terms of the role of women, youths and the development of the constitution is highly debatable. Additionally, it can be argued that political stability was weakened due to the Young Plan, the 1928 May election...
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...How far did the Weimar Republic Recover 1923-1929? In 1923, Gustav Stresemann was appointed chancellor in Germany. At the time, world war one had just finished and the Weimar republic was facing a lot of problems. I think Stresemann did bring a recovery however some may say he just papered over the crack which in some cases is very true. However, I think overall he did rescue Germany. I think this because he saved the economy from the hyperinflation; he signed the Dawes plan and sorted out the problems with the treaty of Versailles. However, some people may say he didn’t help Germany because the culture was changed completely and the country basically ran riot. Also, at the time that Stresemann was in charge, politicians were being killed and there were many revolts. In my essay I will argue both sides but finally come to my own conclusion. In 1922, the German government announced that they couldn’t pay anymore reparations to France due to the state of the economy. The country was in far too much debt. Of course the French were not happy and therefore sent 60,000 French and Belgian soldiers to the Ruhr. The government was hated already because a lot of people blamed them for signing the treaty in the first place which meant they had to pay reparations to France they couldn’t afford. The government told the workers at the Ruhr to refuse to collaborate with the French, consequently, the industrial production stopped. This caused a rise in unemployment and a rise in Poverty. The...
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...Notes * U.S. Diplomacy and Russia In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge addressed the issue of Russian war debts. The President noted that the United States was resuming diplomatic relations with nations that had been cut off during World War I. The Russians, however, presented a problem for Coolidge because their communist form of government opposed democracy. * Italy Italy was a democracy when World War I began in 1914. The country's army fought alongside Allied forces. Unfortunately, the war left the government and economy of Italy unstable and a fertile ground for revolutionaries. Decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference denied the large territorial gains the Italian government expected after the war. In 1921, Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party and rose up as a revolutionary leader. * Fascism was based on a foundation of authoritarianism and nationalism. For Mussolini, the most important aspect of a nation or state was the unity and survival of that state. Mussolini rejected democracy because he thought different political views and political parties weakened the unity of the state. * Taking Fascism on the Road Fascists disagreed with the communist belief that private property and businesses should belong to the state. The Fascists also believed that the nationalism of a state must be aggressively exported to other countries. In other words, the Fascists maintained that a nation had a right to invade and conquer a weaker nation...
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...“Stresemann controlling inflation was the main reason behind the success of the Weimar Republic in 1923-1928” Do you agree? The period 1925-1929 if often considered to be the ‘Golden Years’ of Weimar Germany’s political history. Gustav Stresemann was in power or in positions of influence between 1906 and 1923. During this period Germany gained political power and the economic difficulties started to be overcome. Stresemann helped rebuild Germany after a year of crisis in 1923. There were many different factors Stresemann controlled behind the main reason of success for the Weimar Republic. These included economic problems such as inflation, Dawes Plan and Young Plan, international affairs and Social Reforms. I agree that biggest success of Stresemann was controlling inflation because he was able to stabilise the money in the country and by this happening it created a domino effect for his other successes. Firstly, Germany faced economic problems. Hyperinflation was a major part of this which is when prices are rising and the value of money is falling. Germany began to suffer inflation during the war but things got further worse after the war when there was a demand of £6,600,000 reparation payments. In 1923 French troops occupied the Ruhr in Germany due to Germany failing to pay an instalment of reparations on time. Workers were told to go on strike and so all workers on strike had to be given financial support. The government responded in printing more and more banknotes...
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...SECTION 1: THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT 1918-OCTOBER 1933 |9 November 1918 |Abdication of the Kaiser | |January 1919 |Spartacist Uprising | |February 1919 |First Weimar elections | |28 June 1919 |Treaty of Versailles signed | |July 1919 |Weimar Constitution announced | |March 1920 |Kapp Putsch signed | |January 1923 |Occupation of the Ruhr | |January-November 1923 |Hyperinflation | |8-9 November 1923 |Munich Putsch ...
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...“In 1929, Hitler was no more than the leader of a small party, scarcely known outside of Barvia and likely to remain forever on the edge of political life.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. In 1924 Gustav Stresemann and Charles G. Dawes concocted the Dawes Plan. The Dawes Plan tried to deal with the problem of the humongous reparations Germany could not pay, by reducing annual reparation payments. America also loaned Germany $3 billion to help Germany meet their reparation debts and to assist economic recovery. But in 1929 the American Stock Exchange collapsed. America called in all their foreign loans, which devastated Weimar Germany by rising unemployment, destroying savings and creating havoc all over Germany. So voters turned to extreme political parties to solve their problems… One of these extreme parties was the Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler. In Hitler’s believed in Nationalism, which included getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles, making Germany more powerful and purifying the German or Aryan race; Socialism, which included running the economy in the national interest, allowing industry and agriculture to flourish and to not let businesses to make unfair profits; Totalitarianism, which meant the Nazi Party should have complete and utter control; Struggle, which Hitler believed made people and countries healthier and stronger; and Racial Purity, where races were split into superior and inferior races with the Aryan race being “top” and the...
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...“The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world” (The Great Depression-History.com 2012). The great depression is said to have begun after the First World War, It was a time of hardship and uncertainty. Although the great depression began in the United States it spread throughout the globe and affected almost every country. It brought about drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and serious deflation. Many countries such as Britain, Germany and France came out of the war with large debts to pay, this was due to the fact that they had been borrowing from The United States of America, after its entrance into financial crisis the rest of the countries depending on its financing would inevitably enter down turn and face similar crisis. World War 1 also left many industrialized countries weak and in large debts, they needed to finance the rebuilding of their economies and industries that were damaged during the war, this made it harder for them to recover. There are a number of explanations to as what brought about the great depression in 1929. These are structural and monetary weaknesses as well as a number of specific events that enhanced the effects from one country to another and eventually to all major industrialized countries. What Caused the great depression? The depression was also said to have partially started with the crash of the stock market in...
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...is a must if you’re going to succeed in the exam - it’s just as important as knowing your stuff! CONTENTS....There are 4 sections to this booklet. 3 Hitler overcomes his opposition 1 The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic 1918 1929 1933 1934 2 The rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis 1939 4 The Nazi dictatorship 1 The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic 1918-33 Introduction If, just for fun, we were to make a graph showing the fortunes of the Weimar Republic, it would probably look like this…. B A Phase A 1918-23: The WR suffers from a few major teething problems, and struggles to survive. C Phase B 1924-28: ‘The Golden Twenties’. Things are on the up for the WR, as it recovers from its earlier problems. But beneath the surface, there are still weaknesses. Phase C 1929-1933: With the Wall St. Crash and the Great Depression, the WR comes ‘crashing’ down! Of course, during each phase, the Nazis were experiencing their own political rollercoaster ride. Broadly speaking, whenever the WR was enjoying success, the Nazis were not, and vice versa. More about that later. What was the Weimar Republic and why was it set up? A lot of students struggle to get to grips with this, but it’s really very simple! The Weimar Republic is the name of a new government that was set up in 1918 to rule Germany. Before 1918, Germany had been a monarchy. The ruling monarch was the Kaiser - Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1918, there was a revolution in...
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...GCSE History Paper 2 – Germany 1919‐45 Section A: Source based‐ questions This section will contain five questions. Although you cannot predict what the sources will be about, you can predict what the style of the questions will be like. The questions will ask you: (a) What do sources A and B suggest about ........... ? (4 marks) Explain your answer using the details of sources A and B. (b) What different view do sources C and D suggest about ........... ? (6 marks) Explain your answer by referring to sources A, B, C and D. (8 marks) (c) Why do sources A and B give a different view to sources C and D? Explain your answer using the sources and your own knowledge. (d) How useful is source E for understanding ......... ? (8 marks) Explain your answer using the source and your own knowledge. (e) How did .......... ? (10 marks) Question (a) – ‘What do sources A and B suggest about .........?’ (4 marks) All questions are marked in levels. The levels for q. (a) are: Level 1 ‐ Answers which repeat details from the sources (1 mark) Level 2 ‐ Answers that draw a simple inference from the sources (2‐3 marks) Level 3 ‐ Answers that draw a complex inference from the sources (4 marks) An inference is learning something from the source that it does not directly tell you. In other words reading between the lines. Look at the example on the page opposite. Source A ‐ ...
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...History revision America 1890-1945 Time line Key: Bold and Underlined show events, policies or people of influence to US history from 1890-1945 RED: Political GREEN: Economic BLUE: Social BLACK: International affairs 1890- The accession of the Idaho and Wyoming brings the number of states in the Union to 44. The US Census notes that there is no longer a moving frontier in the American West. The Sherman Antitrust Act passed by Congress. 1896- William McKinley’s election victory marks the beginning of a lengthy period of Republican political dominance. 1898- Victory in the Spanish-American war marks the rise of ‘American Imperialism’ and establishes control over Cuba and the Philippines 1901- Theodore Roosevelt becomes president after the assassination of McKinley. The Platt Amendment is passed by Congress 1904- Thedore Roosevelt proclaims the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine after etsablishing US influence over Panama. 1905- President Roosevelt acts as mediator in the Treaty of New Hampshire ending the Russo-Japanese War. 1912- New Mexico and Arizona achieve statehood, bringing the number of states in the Union to 48. The Republican Party splits; Theodore Roosevelt runs for president on behalf of the ‘Bull Moose’ Progressive Party, ensuring the defeat of President Taft. Woodrow Wilson wins the Presidency for the Democrats 1914- War begins in Europe. The USA proclaims neutrality. President Wilson send US forces to occupy the port of Vera Cruz in Mexico...
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...Historical content Growth of German cinema in Weimar Germany • German film industry grew under the Wiemar Republic. • Economic stability translated into growing cinema attendances due to having enough money to pay for a ticket • Called the Golden age for German Cinema • Cinematography was considered highly artistic and used unusual camera angles, abstract shot composition, symbolism and dramatic lighting • At the end of the 1920's German film industry made a significant shift from expressionist inspired films • Expressionism films were losing appeal among film enthusiasts • Germany was swinging towards escapist films and films that promoted German nationalism • German film output peaked in 1930 • Cinema attendances rose throughout the Depression years • Cinema allowed the unemployed to escape the misery of their lives and go somewhere warm. The Berlin Olympics • Berlin was awarded to host the 1936 Olympics • This presented Hitler with a great propaganda opportunity • He wanted the world to see that Germany was peaceful • As a result of Antisemitism there were calls to boycott the Berlin Olympics • In the months leading up to the games Hitler tried to create an image of a peaceful nation by ordering the media to refrain from attacking the Jews • Olympic Stadium seated 100,000 • German Olympic team were the first to train full-time before competition • First time an Olympic Torch was...
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...Germany asking for a new payment plan which was not settled upon until 1924 with the Dawes Plan that linked yearly repayments to the level of German economic output and private loans from the U.S. would be given to promote economic recovery (McKay, 881-883). By 1929, a massive economic downturn struck the world and led to the Great Depression lasting until 1939 because of the severity and the slow and uneven recovery (McKay, 885). With the economic struggles Germans were left uneasy and nervous about the future. Subsequently, the consequences of the combination of these four changes in European, especially German, society, would soon become devastating. Adolf Hitler used the time of confusion and stress to his advantage and in 1925 he published Mein Kampf, which translates to My Struggle, which laid out the basis for his ideas that would define National Socialism, Nazis and his belief on “racial purification” (McKay, 911). One point he makes is that “tt was absolutely wrong to discuss war-guilt from the standpoint that Germany alone could not be held responsible for the outbreak of the catastrophe” and for Germans who felt as though they had been back-stabbed with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles agreed with what he was saying (Hitler, 1925. The stab-in-the-back theory was believed by Germans who thought that Germany did not lose the war on the battlefield, but they lost the war because the new Weimar Republic signed the treaty betrayed the German army (McKay, 911). Hitler...
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...plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered the most. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. In many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until after the end of World War II. Start Economic historians usually attribute the start of the Great Depression to the sudden devastating collapse of US stock market prices on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday; some dispute this conclusion, and see the stock crash as a symptom, rather than a cause, of the Great Depression. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, optimism persisted for some time; John D. Rockefeller said that "These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come and gone. Prosperity has always returned and will again." The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April. This was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered severe losses...
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