...Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary In this paper, comparisons will be made between bureaucratic and patron-client organizations. In addition, the similarities and differences between the models of organized crime will be examined. The models of organized crime will be analyzed for their importance in the understanding of criminal organizations. The differences between bureaucratic and patron-client organizations are visible as bureaucratic deals with offices that do things by the law. They do not take extensive training in customer service and do not concentrate on being nice. The offices that are being referred to are government offices such as Welfare, DMV, and Section 8. In contrast, patron-client facilities are offices or places that focus upon pleasing their clients because if they don’t, the patron will go to another facility to get their needs met. This brings us to the similarities and differences of the models of organized crime. According to Lyman (2007) there are three theories of organized crime that help in the understanding of criminal organizations. The first theory is the Alien Conspiracy theory, which blames outside influences and outsiders for the rise of organized crime in American society. Second, the Rational Choice theory is when a person weighs the pros and cons of living a certain lifestyle; in addition they also know what the consequences of their actions are as well. Finally, the deterrence...
Words: 429 - Pages: 2
...Compare and contrast the nature of white collar crime with other type types of illegal acts. 2. Compare and contrast the typical participants of white collar crime against the participants of other types of illegal acts 3. Discuss the role of technology in white collar crime and how its role may create differences from other forms of crime. 4. Analyze the role of “opportunity” and how it contributes to white collar crime. Provide specific examples to support your response. When Edwin Sutherland first began his study/analysis under the Traditional Summary Reporting System, there was a limited amount of information available on White Color Crime. The white-collar offenses that are measured are fraud, forgery/counterfeiting, embezzlement, and all other offenses. Because white-collar crimes are not Index crimes, the only information available on these offenses is arrest information, which includes age, sex, and race of the arrestee. Additionally, all other offenses arrest category is very limited in its ability to measure the white-collar offenses included in its counts. This is due to the inability to differentiate the white-collar offenses from the others that also fall in this category. Based upon the most recently published data from the FBI, the arrest rates for the offenses of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery/counterfeiting are much lower than the arrest rates for property, crime, or for total crimes in general. In order to assess the utility...
Words: 1583 - Pages: 7
...Blustain, Sarah. "This is Murder?" The American Prospect 18.12 (2007): 11. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. In summary of this article, an expecting mother also meth addict gave birth at thirty-two weeks to a stillborn. The baby tested positive for cocaine and Hernandez is being charged with first and second degree murder for child abuse. This article came from a database. A database article is one of the most trustworthy sources when doing research. This article was reviewed in 2007, it is a little old but it still fits that ten year limit. It goes in depth about how methamphetamine can hurt the baby inside the mothers womb. Studies have shown that mothers who have a substance abuse problem while pregnant give their babies a greater risk for addiction, major disabilities or even death. This article is supported with several facts and it hits all the key things I am looking for during my research. "Indiana Sets Methamphetamine Standards." Policy & Practice Sept. 2005: 28. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. In summary of this article, Indianapolis' child welfare officials are teaming up with the law and health officials to protect and remove any children who are in homes where methamphetamine is being produced. The state's Drug Endangered Children Advisory Committee issued standards on how safety personnel, child caseworkers, and health professionals should respond to meth labs and busts. The rules tell how lab sites should be secured...
Words: 1102 - Pages: 5
...Q1:1 A young person is those who is older than 14 but under 17 years old An adult is those who is 17 or older. Any special protection for children and young people no longer apply. Any criminal offense will be dealt by the court. How old you are when the crime is committed, not how old you are when you're charge or first come to court. Q1:2 The purpose of the separate judicial system for young people is to keep them out of the court and instead to offer them other ways to dealt with the offense. Q1:3 the police can give: A warning, Formal police caution, youth aid, reparation to victim and/or other type of punishments. Q2:1 The process of restorative justice necessitates a shift in responsibility for addressing crime. In a restorative justice process, the citizens who have been affected by a crime must take an active role in addressing that crime. Although law professionals may have secondary roles in facilitating the restorative justice process, it is the citizens who must take up the majority of the responsibility in healing the pains caused by crime. Q2:2 The restorative justice is based on the theory of justice. Q2:3 The main goal of a conference is to formulate a plan about how best to deal with the offending. There are three principal components to this process: * ascertaining whether or not the young person admits the offense - conferences only proceed if the young person does so or if the offense has been proved in the Youth Court; * sharing information...
Words: 1058 - Pages: 5
...LAWS1021 – CRIME – Week 3 Class 1 1. introduction 2. Ubiquity of discretion 3. Regulating discretion 4. Prosecutorial discretion 5. The Chaser case 6. Two tiers of justice 7. Magistrates and Local Courts 8. Supreme and District Courts 9. High Court appeals 10. Crown appeals ------------------------------------------------- From Last Class * Jurisdiction * Notion of how it is risen and how it is imposed * In 1788, assumed, put upon Australia from the act of colinisation * Sovereignty * From british states, then Australia as a commonwealth * Citizenship * General entitlement to rights protection etc. * Sovereign domain * Different for indigenous people, given no acknowledge of land ownership and traditional rights and customs as well as traditional rules * Agency * Autonomy as a group/individual * The capacity whether individually or collectively to exercise authority to determine * Previously denied * Criminalisation of traditional * Welfare * protection ------------------------------------------------- OOXX case * grew up during a time during hard economic circumstances with weak communal support due to governmental policies. * Lost a sense of identity when doing institution until he's about 19. He was separated from his family by the Australian welfare system. forced removal * Post-war...
Words: 1126 - Pages: 5
...United States Prison System: The War on Drugs The United States of America is no longer the home of the free. It is the home of the locked up and caged. How can this nation embrace the concept of freedom when over 2.4 million of its citizens are locked up in prison? How can Americans have the nerve to utter the words, “racial equality” when over 10% of all African-American men is incarcerated? How can we take pride in a nation that locks up its citizens that suffer from the disease of addiction? This should be an embarrassment to all Americans. The criminal justice system must be reformed and surrender the “War on Drugs.” According to the June 2008 Bureau of Justice Summary, Americans make up only four and a half percent of the world’s population yet boasts twenty-two percent of the world’s incarcerated population. According to the same report, the American Criminal Justice System imprisons six times more of its population than other free nations such as Canada, Australia, Germany, Spain, and Italy. America incarcerates ten times more of its population than Japan, France, and Finland. We have the highest rate of incarceration in the world, much higher than China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and North Korea whom we consider fascias police states. The 2009 statistics reported in the Prison Index showed that one third of African-American men will serve time in prison at some point in their life. The Bureau of Justice statistics reported, “The number of inmates in...
Words: 2315 - Pages: 10
...Reporting Abuse Summary Mary Wiley, Sandra Spencer, Tracey Marshall-Dove, Lisa Stein, Jeannie Puskarich BSHS332 October 10, 2010 Bobby Fowler Reporting Abuse Summary Team A has been researching and discussing our individual state laws concerning reporting abuse on children, spouse, and elders. The discussion centered around our thoughts on confidentiality and the duty to protect others from harm. There are three of us who reside in Washington State, and one in Florida, and one in Ohio. This summary will bring together all the different laws and the reader will begin to see the similarities and differences on reporting abuse between the states. Protecting the Most Vulnerable There are laws implemented to protect the most vulnerable of citizens. In the United States, nearly 61% of children are victims of abuse and neglect (Iannelli, 2010). The cases of elderly abuse that comes to the attention of authorities are one in 14 according to the Official National statistics (National Center on Elder Abuse, 2010). Spousal abuse happens in every country and culture. Domestic violence statistic reports nearly one third to one half of women are abused by their husbands or domestic partner (Reade, 2010). However, spousal abuse is not exclusively committed against the female gender. One in every 33 men is abused by their mate (MenWeb, 2010). Every aspect of human service work will have a pertinent position in these areas of human violations. ...
Words: 1101 - Pages: 5
... “When juvenile cases get transferred to adult criminal court through a process called a ‘waiver’—when a judge waives the protections that juvenile court provides” (Kathleen Michon, 2016). Usually, juvenile cases that are subject to waiver involve more serious crimes, or minors who have been in trouble before. Ever since more states have begun trying juveniles as adults in certain situations, the crime rate among juveniles has dropped significantly. Thesis statement: The frequency of juveniles committing horrendous crimes has been on a steady rise for the past couple of decades and even though fewer varieties of punishments, juveniles should be tried as an adult because it would deter and minimize crimes committed by minors and brings justice to the victims. Describe 3 major characteristics of your audience: My intended audience will include my professor and classmates, lawmakers, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, and parents. I will try to persuade readers to agree with my stand on juveniles and violent crimes and why I feel so strongly that juveniles should be tried as an adult. I will need the help of the federal and state governments to standardize laws across the board governing juveniles committing violent crimes. I will need the help of prosecutors and lawyers to interpret and provide legal advice on the current laws. “Prosecutors frequently ask juvenile court judges to hold hearings about whether their exclusive jurisdiction may be waived so that minors may be...
Words: 980 - Pages: 4
...Criminal Law vs. Civil Law There are numerous differences between criminal and civil law. Criminal law is defined as a body of rules and statutes that defines conduct prohibited by the government because it threatens and harms public safety and welfare and that establishes punishment to be imposed for the commission of such acts. (The Free Dictionary by Farlex) Civil law is defined as the body of laws of a state or nation dealing with the rights of private citizens. (The Free Dictionary by Farlex) In an attempt to explain the difference, you must first understand criminal law. Criminal laws are substantive and divided into categories of misdemeanors and felonies. The primary difference between misdemeanor and felony is the distinct punishments and issues regarding severity. In general, a misdemeanor is a violation of a meager crime. Misdemeanors typically do not involve violent actions or crimes that cause great harm to a society. Common forms of misdemeanors include: resisting arrest, simple battery, shoplifting, public intoxication, and in some states possession and use of marijuana. In contrast, a felony is a serious crime, such as rape, murder, kidnapping, grand theft auto, or assault with a deadly weapon. Convicted felons will undoubtedly face jail time. The Federal Government states that a felony is any act that carries a minimum one-year prison sentence (Difference Between a Misdemeanor and Felony). In criminal law and with criminal court the prosecution is always...
Words: 756 - Pages: 4
...It is noted in the Colorado Politics article “Despite claims, data show legalized marijuana has not increased crime rates,” by Brian Heuberger that, “During the first year of the implementation of Amendment 64, Denver experienced a 2.2 percent decrease in violent crime rates and an 8.9 percent reduction in property crime offenses, according to research conducted by the Drug Policy Alliance,” (Heuberger). This statistic mentioned by Heuberger shows that there has been a decrease in crime in Denver, Colorado as a result of the legislation that made marijuana legal in the state. Because crime has decreased post-legislation, it means that it would do the same in other states as well, making the need to legalize the drug in every U.S. state. In the article by W.E. Messamore from Independent Voter Network titled “Marijuana Legalization Is Decreasing Violent Crime in Border States,” it mentions that the Uniform Crime Reporting Program discovered that, “ . . . marijuana laws have correlated with a 12.5 percent decrease in violent crime homicides, aggravated assaults, and robberies in states that border Mexico,” (Messamore). In short, crime has decreased in states along the U.S.-Mexico border as a result of legalizing marijuana. If legalizing cannabis helps the crime issue in border states, certainly it can help with the issue across the rest of the country, which is why every state should legalize the drug. In the...
Words: 1741 - Pages: 7
...Social Problems Presentation Review Racial and Ethnic Inequality Chapter 3 Summary: Racial and ethnic inequality is a social problem because it affects such a large number of people around the world. One way this can be seen is through prejudice which categories people based on age, sex, and social class. These can be good and bad. Institutional racism is a big deal today. Some companies will not hire a person simply because of their color or their sex. Another way to say this is racial discrimination which lets race or color impact a person’s ability to get a job. People like to think this doesn’t really happen when the harsh reality is that it happens all the time. Laws have been made to try and prevent this from happening but companies still practice it. Groups like the EEOC (equal employment opportunity commission) were created to enforce laws against discrimination in the work place. Some things we can do to change this is to look at person for their work ethic and quality and ignore the color of their skin or whether they are male or female. Through history we have tried to make everyone have the same standing in society which is called pluralism. We would take groups and “Americanize” them; you can see this in what we did to the Native Americans. Also we have segregated groups some by force, like the Jim Crow laws in the south, but others are by choice like the groups of the Amish. Reaction: In my life I have seen this happen on the news and in newspapers multiple...
Words: 2443 - Pages: 10
...control the social conduct and prohibits the acts that are harmful to the people and as such, threatening the safety and the welfare of societal members. Morse (2015) contends that criminal laws define the punishment levelled on the people who break the prescribed societal conduct while Holland (2015) asserts that criminal laws refer to the state laws, which make certain actions illegal and punishable by fines or imprisonment. Accordingly, the case of Casey Anthony falls under the criminal and as such, the forensic evidence gathered from the trunk of her car makes her criminally reliable, as the said evidence is admissible in the court of law. The forensic experts from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) examined a band of hair recovered from her vehicle, which exposed evidence of apparent decomposition. Forensic analysis of the recovered band of hair showed consistence with the band of hair of the deceased. The FBI experts who conducted forensic analysis on the band of hair told the court that the sample had many consistencies in relation to the post-mortem banding. Moreover, microscopic hair examination specialist told the jurors that the root portion of the air was dark and, therefore, consistent with the evidence presented by the FBI. The analyzed evidence showed that the hair was evicted forcibly from the deceased. Further, an investigator of the crime scene testified that that there was an odor smell emanating from Casey Anthony’s car, which indicted that there was decomposition...
Words: 955 - Pages: 4
...system in a negative way instead of in a positive way. For many the criminal justice system plays a major role in how society changes and how society values criminal justice in this era. The purpose of criminal justice and the law is to protect society from harm and ensure their safety as well as to protect the innocent and punish those guilty of committing a crime but at the same time doing so without violating their rights. As the world evolves, new laws have to be set in place to keep up with the evolution of criminal justice and crimes. New trends and contemporary issues can develop in society and can also have a direct impact on the criminal justice system. Technology is one of the biggest trends in the world that continues to improve on a daily basis and make life easier but complex at the same time. Technology affects the criminal justice system and will continue to do so every day because it creates a new category of crimes that can and are being committed. With technology comes computers and with computers comes cybercrimes. “Peter Grabosky of the Australian Institute of Criminology suggests that most such crimes fall into one of the following categories: (1) theft of services, such as telephone or long distance access; (2) communications in furtherance of criminal conspiracies; (3) information piracy and forgery; (4) the dissemination of...
Words: 1186 - Pages: 5
...Introduction. The polemical debate in understanding why crime occurred in society had invited a cornucopia of theoretical ideas based on ideology, pragmatism, and concomitant paradigmatic shifts. This debate, sometimes vitriolic and vexatious in equal measure, had resonated across the centuries mostly via philosophical thought. In the last two hundred years, however, the debate had become increasingly interwoven and complicated by newly-developed and derivative theories (sometimes polar or diametrically opposed) through the complex entanglement of modern societal development and socio-political thought. Insodoing, unpacking and defining the etiology of crime has proved to be a noteworthy adversary. This essay would seek to examine this unfolding drama of etiological proportions by addressing one of these key modern-day ideological polarities: right realism and left realism. It would critically discuss the relational polarity between these two theories by first examining and then comparing their respective etiologies. Second, it would examine and critique the interplay between ideology and British crime policy. Left Realism (LR): Etiology. “Left realism was explicitly, although not exclusively, concerned with the origins, nature, and impact of crime in the working class” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2007: p.191). It was a radical criminology and a very British development (Newburn, 2007). It was ‘Left’ as crime was envisaged as endemic owing to the class and patriarchical...
Words: 5201 - Pages: 21
... Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge; Greg Mantle is Reader in Social Work, Institute of Health and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University Abstract: This article explores the diversionary measure of restorative final warnings within the context of the youth justice system. We examine the philosophy and rationale of the new era in cautioning and discuss the potential practice implications since its implementation in 2000, under the statutory legislation within the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. To date there has been very little research or academic debate on the new system of police cautioning of youth. Additionally, as final warnings develop a greater association with restorative justice practices, we explore how this ‘pre court’ intervention has the potential to broaden oppressive and discriminatory practices within the youth justice system in relation to particular societal groups. We will begin by explaining how police cautioning of youth has changed with the implementation of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and then explore contemporary police practices and outcomes regarding youth and the restorative final warning scheme. We will highlight the conflicting nature of the new scheme which requires voluntary agreement throughout its statutory process to ensure successful completion. We will also demonstrate that the systematic implementation of final warnings has reduced police discretion and increased levels of police accountability, and that this, in turn, appears...
Words: 5918 - Pages: 24
