...Behavior Therapy Naomi R. Wiley AmRidge University Dr. James Kelly Abstract The behavioral approach was a significant departure from the psychoanalytic perspective of the 1950’s and 1960’s. B.F. Skinner believed all human behavior was a direct result of the environment in the form of stimuli, where human behavior strictly complies with the principle of causality. Skinner felt his ideas were the only true scientific theory of personality pertaining to Behavior therapy and conveying how Behavior Therapy generally would see individuals as both the producer and the product of their own behavior and environment. In addition, to focusing on the basic aim of Behavior Therapy, this paper will view Behavior Therapy from a Christian standpoint and highlight the Five key concepts for behavior theory which are the BASIC I.D. conceptual framework, behavior modification, classical conditioning, reinforcement, and systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy B.F Skinner is one of the major contributors to behavior theory for his work on behavior modification he is quoted as saying, “What we observe…is that a person behaves in certain ways that usually get him out of trouble and often get him things he needs in order to survive” (Pepinsky, 1975, p. 40). Skinner (1986, p. 569) observed human behavior and found that it was influenced by things that reinforced...
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...Scripture in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” discusses the use of prayer and scripture in a Christian view of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article also discusses the expansion of cognitive Behavior Therapy to include Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article also discusses implicit and explicit integration in therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article begins by discussing the research behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007) . The article states that it is the most empirically supported therapy treatments(Tan, S. 2007) . Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is used to treat many psychological illnesses (Tan, S. 2007). The author points out that that empirically supported therapy relationships and empirically supported principles of therapeutic change have also played an important role in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy research (Tan, S. 2007). The article goes on to discuss the history of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The history can be divided into three generations (Tan, S. 2007). The first generation included traditional behavioral therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The second generation included Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The third generation includes relatively contextual approaches (Tan, S. 2007). These approaches include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The...
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...Behavioral Activation: the Depression Therapy Name Institution Behavioral Activation: the Depression Therapy The author of the article “Behavioral Activation: the Depression Therapy You've Likely Never Heard Of “argues that depression is one of the major issues that affect the quality of everyday life of people (Schroeder, 2016). Cognitive has been established as gold standard within psychotherapy to manage depression, and at the same time change, an individual’s negative thoughts that to some extent might contribute towards mood disorder. The author further states that a changed mind is critical since it enables an individual to immediately get back in the normal moods terming it as “an ‘inside out treatment” (Schroeder, 2016)....
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do, or behavioral modification techniques and verbal interventions that are used on clients to alter their maladaptive thinking. It is a short term and goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people’s difficulties, and so change the way they feel Cognitive behavioral therapy is a general term used to classify similar therapies. These therapies include Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Dialectic Behavior Therapy. It can be used on a various types of disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and addiction. History In the 1960’s psychiatrist Aaron Beck came up with the idea that his patients were having internal dialogue going on in their minds. The patient would only report a fraction of what was being thought to the therapist. Beck realized that the connection between thoughts and feelings were an important connection. That’s when he created the term automatic thoughts. Automatic thoughts are emotion filled thoughts that might pop up in the mind. Clients were not always aware of the thoughts but could learn to identify and describe them. The reason why Beck called it Cognitive Behavioral Therapy...
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses...
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...Personal Model of Helping My personal model of helping is based on my own experience with change. It is a combination of person-centered and behavioral theories that combine together to create the framework that will help me help others. I formed this viewpoint from several different areas. The first is from the different selections in our textbook. While reading the text selections I identified most with Carl Rogers' theories of therapy. Rogers' approach to let the client feel responsible for their treatment allows the client to take responsibility for the changes that they make. Person-centered therapy does not look to the past, as more Freudian therapies do. Person-centered therapy focuses on the present and asks the client to take ownership of their own wellbeing. In combination with person-centered therapy I believe that focusing on the present with a client is very important and letting the client discover their own willingness for change. Once the client decides that they have the desire to change, they then need the skills to make those changes in their life, which is where behavioral theories are implemented. Giving the client the skills to personally implement the changes is very powerful. It gives them ownership of their treatment and teaches them how to continue their recovery even after they have ended therapy. It is akin to the Chinese proverb of, "if you give a man a fish you feed him for a day. If you teach a man to fish you feed him for a lifetime"...
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...Behavior Therapy B.F. SKINNER • (1904–1990) Reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment. • As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971...
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...& Therapy Abstract Attention deficient hyperactive disorder is a growing diagnosis among adolescents. Two main treatments are medication and behavioral therapy, or a combined treatment is also an option. Naturally there are debates on which treatment is more effective on treating the effects of ADHD. This report provides you with background information about ADHD, the types it’s broken down into, whom it affects, the percentage of adolescents taking medication. Also information on what behavioral therapy is provided. Two studies that have tested a group of children, affected by ADHD, and the types of treatments in order to find out which treatment provides the best results on reducing the effects of ADHD. Introduction Attention deficient hyperactivity disorder is a growing behavioral disorder among America’s adolescents. ADHD is a growing mainly among children from ages 4 through 17. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention 9.5 percent of children ages 4 through 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD as of the year 2007. The CDC also reports that on average the rate of ADHD diagnoses has increased 5.5 percent per year from 2003 to 2007. Boys are about twice as likely to have been diagnosed with ADHD than girls according to the CDC, and diagnoses increase among older teens than among children. ADHD was formerly referred to as Attention Deficient Disorder, ADD, but in 1994 the disorder was classified into three subtypes based on different behavioral patterns...
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...Cognitive Behavioral Approach My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the client’s cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how one views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the individual to put insight into action by making changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Corey, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to understand that the primary source of difficulty lies in how they perceive events based on their belief system (Kellogg & Young, 2008). In general, CBT is a structured approach and includes techniques and outcomes (e.g., behavior changes) that are easily measured, which provides it with a substantial amount of empirical support (Corey, 2009). The primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is to help change the...
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...Site Visit Report I decided to do my site visit report with the New Beginnings Counseling Center (NBCC). NBCC is well known for using cognitive behavioral intervention and programs to help their clients understand how their mental thoughts and beliefs can change their feelings and perception. I chose this center because my sister has had success with overcoming her emotional problems working with Mrs.Sarah Muller, a Licensed Psychological Licensed Marital and Family Therapist. She will discuss the cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) they use to treat their patients. What population participates in the program? The New Beginnings Counseling Center (NBCC), works with children, teenagers, and adults, who are ADHD, have learning disabilities, and emotional problems. NBCC also provide family, martial and individual counseling and group therapy. The NBCC specializes in children and teen therapy. The patients are referred either by, a medical doctor, school social worker, Family and Children Services, or court order. The center also accepts non-referral patients into the program. Who presents the program or interventions? The cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) is present by the therapist. The NBCC cognitive behavioral program, teaches the individual to examine the effects of their cognitions (thoughts) on his or her behaviors and modify problem behaviors by changing the thinking that supports those behaviors. The CBI used at this center is implemented to juveniles...
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...Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories. Retrieved from http://www.freepsychologyarticles.com/cognitive-and-behavioral-learning-theories.html This article takes the approach of viewing behavioral psychology as an examination of human behavior. The article provides an explanation of cognitive theory to be a process within the individual and is based upon the idea of learning, which is a result of related experiences, perception, memory, and overly verbal thinking. The article mentions several other theories, such as information processing theory, schema theory, and situated cognition theory. Cherry, K. (n.d.). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches. Retrieved from http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychotherapy-and-other-approaches-to-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-approaches.htm This article focuses on behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy, both provide a focus on the "here and now" approach. The article informs the reader how both therapies "want to get right to the point" and figure out the behaviors or issues that may be causing discontent and harm to the individual. The article provides an excellent definition of cognitive therapy, which is a thought process to provide to an individual so he or she can "head-off" the problems or issues before it has a chance to affect the client(s). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.paloaltotherapy.com/about-counseling/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses...
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...Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Your Name Course Information Professor May 2013 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Abstract Depression is a common psychological problem that has both physical and mental symptoms. “Some authorities have estimated that at least 12% of the population have had or will have an episode of depression of sufficient clinical severity to warrant treatment” (Beck, 1979). Some of the features of depression include negative thought processes and loss of concentration or memory. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has emerged as one of the most promising treatments for the problem of depression. CBT has many advantages in treating depression, such as helping patients recognize and address negative thoughts. However, there are limitations and CBT is not always accepted as a viable treatment option for some. This paper addresses the goals of CBT in treating depression, the advantages and limitations of CBT for depression and explains how the therapy works to treat depression. Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 1 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy “Since its introduction in the 1970s, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has become one of the most widely investigated...
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... 2 What causes severe depression? It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved. Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on individuals and families. Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. When these chemicals are out of balance, it may be associated with depressive symptoms. Because traumatic events such as the death or loss of a loved one, financial problems, high stress, or childhood trauma can trigger depression in some people, depression is more common in people whose biological (blood) relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression, and changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions. Numerous depression treatments are available. Medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy) is very effective for most people. Psychotherapy is a general term for treating depression by talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health provider. Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy. SEVERE DEPRESSION ...
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...Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Abstract Counseling has been in existence from the beginning of time. From Jethro to Freud, therapists and philosophers have been seeking insight into the core of human nature and cognitions. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that faulty cognitions and beliefs affect the behaviors of individuals. One method of cognitive-behavior therapy, reality therapy, incorporates the concepts of free choice and personal responsibility that are taught both in Scripture and Dr. William Glasser’s choice theory. Other aspects of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), also work towards eliminating negativistic attitudes of clients in exchange for more effective and realistic methods for interpreting the situations experienced in daily life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy It is suggested that an individual’s personality is a complex system of cognition, emotion, will, physiology, and spirituality. Hawkins proposes nine aspects of the human self to be active influences on one’s personality: “body, cognition, feelings, volition, human spirit, Holy Spirit, sin/flesh/SAS, temporal systems, and spiritual systems (Hawkins COUN507_BO1_200920). Each therapist individually determines what factors they believe to make up a person’s being. Larry Crabb views humans as involving both the physical and spiritual aspects of man...
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...they have been effective tools in living and learning as an individual. Cognitive interventions are techniques used during a therapy session that replaces negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors with positive ones (Robinson, 2007). Intelligent founders have implemented several cognitive interventions associated with theories such as rational emotive therapy (RET), collaborative empiricism, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that professionals use today. The primary goal of the therapist is to teach individuals to identify, challenge, and replace their self-defeating thoughts and beliefs with healthier thoughts that promote emotional well-being and goal achievement . Effective techniques are used along extensive therapy to focus on somehow implementing change into the client’s life. During week 3 several discussions and findings were gathered from readings pertaining to cognitive techniques used. Cognitive techniques are used by several therapists to implement change into one’s life and the way they live in the environment. As we all know a person can development negative behavior, thinking, and emotions to name a few. These types of actions may lead up to seeking the help of a therapist to further change how one’s life is lived. The goals of therapist are to replace the negative According to What Is Cognitive Therapy? (2013), “Cognitive Therapy is a focused, problem-solving psychotherapy that has been shown in over 400 outcome studies to be highly...
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