...Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Your Name Course Information Professor May 2013 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Abstract Depression is a common psychological problem that has both physical and mental symptoms. “Some authorities have estimated that at least 12% of the population have had or will have an episode of depression of sufficient clinical severity to warrant treatment” (Beck, 1979). Some of the features of depression include negative thought processes and loss of concentration or memory. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has emerged as one of the most promising treatments for the problem of depression. CBT has many advantages in treating depression, such as helping patients recognize and address negative thoughts. However, there are limitations and CBT is not always accepted as a viable treatment option for some. This paper addresses the goals of CBT in treating depression, the advantages and limitations of CBT for depression and explains how the therapy works to treat depression. Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 1 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy “Since its introduction in the 1970s, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has become one of the most widely investigated...
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...Case Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Michelle Banks Liberty University Abstract Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy. CBT is a form of treatment that focuses on the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors are three focuses of CBT. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most extensively researched forms of psychotherapy. There are various ethical issues and several multi-cultural issues that need to be considered with CBT case formulation. Intake discussions with client and analysis of her assessment information suggest a pattern of dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors. CBT techniques that will be used with client are behavioral activation, monitoring automatic thoughts, and exposure therapy. There may be spiritual challenges in utilizing Christian counseling with CBT. CBT and Christian counseling have are both compatible and incompatible. Case Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy (Beck, 2011). CBT is not one specific treatment approach; rather it includes a combination of elements from cognitive, behavior, and emotion therapy (Murdock, 2013). CBT is a continuously evolving theory...
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...Depression is the most common mental disorder and this is a serious medical illness that involves emotional, behavioral, physical, and cognitive symptoms. Severe depression is defined as a persistent condition that interferes with everyday life and afflicts a person’s mental and emotional state. This can cause negative bias in ways of thinking and processing information. Depression can be a combination of genetics, environmental, psychological. Although the cause of depression is not entirely clear, it's generally believed that stress plays a key role in depression. In today’s age, depression is more aggressive than ever taking its toll on people of all ages ranging from early childhood to adulthood and can make the most routine task feel like an extraordinary burden. I chose case...
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...account is to reflect on my performance in the treatment session recording that I have submitted. The recording is of an actual session in service with a real life patient. The patient’s main problem being treated is depression and the intervention that I used is behavioral activation (BA). The model I will employ to help with the reflective aspects of this essay will be Driscoll’s model of reflection (1994). As with my reflective account for the competency assessment it is important I try and refer to the Low intensity (LI) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) literature as a rationale for my actions where appropriate and incorporate competing evidence for good practice. In terms of modifying future outcomes...
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...Many individuals at some point in their lives may report feelings of extreme sadness or simply “feeling depressed”. However, such feelings are only one of seven symptoms recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of three primary clinical forms of depression recognized by the DSM-IV. The DSM-IV recognizes the following seven symptoms as indicative of Major Depressive Disorder: (1) significant weight loss (while not trying to lose weight), significant weight gain, or change in appetite; (2) insomnia or hypersomnia; (3) psychomotor agitation or retardation; (4) fatigue or loss of energy; (5) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; (6) decreased concentration or indecisiveness; and (7) recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plan, or attempt (Craighead, Ritschel, Arnarson, & Gillespie, 2008, chap. 8). According to the DSM-IV, an individual must experience “marked distress or a decrease in level of functioning” for at least 2 weeks (Craighead et al., 2008, p. 281). The individual must also experience on an almost daily basis, an occurrence of a dysphoric mood or loss of interest/pleasure in almost all activities two weeks prior to the diagnosis of MDD (Craighead et al., 2008, chap. 8). The patient must experience at least four of the seven previously mentioned symptoms (only three if both loss of interest/pleasure and dysphoric mood are present) (Craighead et al., 2008, chap. 8). It...
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...Risk and Protective Factors for Depression: Implications for Prevention Depression in Children and Adolescents Linking Risk Research and Prevention Judy Garber, PhD Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success....
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...awakenings during REM sleep in order to create awareness before returning to sleep and mnemonically induced lucid dreaming (MILD). The physical cause of lucid dreaming has not been identified yet. Using brain imaging techniques which show brain function such as fMRIs, it has been proposed that increased activity in frontal areas of the brain causes lucidity. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also called the DLPFC is responsible for deep cognitive thinking. In one study, external stimulation using transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) to the DLPFC at 1mA for a duration of 3 minutes caused longer dream recall in all participants and a higher amount of lucidity in only frequent lucid dreamers. [6] This is possibly due to a lower threshold of activation needed to trigger lucidity, and the DLPFC causing thought and awareness during dreams. Other areas of the brain which are more activated in lucid dreams than in typical REM sleep are the occipital-temporal lobe, bilateral precuneus, cuneus, and parietal lobes. More research is needed to determine whether a combination of brain regions is responsible for lucid dreaming. Research has been completed to induce lucid dreams. Previous research has shown that lucid dreaming increased with light cues before the eyes. Light cues are flashing LED lights placed a short distance in front of the closed eyelids. However, the results of this experiment have yet to be repeated. Inducing lucid dreams would have to increase the awareness of the dreamer...
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...Introduction The human body has been designed a mechanism to deal with pain and damage. The human immune system deals with all kinds of injures. The human immune system helps regulate bodily functions. When the body is exposed to a certain amount of pain the body goes into shock. This can be a life threatening situation or it can be the bodies’ response to the life threatening situation allowing a solders to keep fighting and things of that nature. If the damage the body may go into what is called a "comatose" condition. Where all nonessential function shuts down for repairs. This is due to the trauma that was experienced. Many of these actions are automated. This is because God has a system in the body to regulate the body. With that in mind PTSD is put into two different categories. They would be direct exposure and indirect exposure to an event. Direct events would be first hand experiences but the person. A point in time that the person felt significant risk of life and limb. An indirect traumatic event would be if an individual would witness a traumatic event. The mind has the same kind of defense mechanism. This is used to cope with severe mental trauma or mental stress. When a person goes through extremely powerful mental trauma that the mind cannot deal with the pain many things happen. One of those things is PTSD or post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This report will look at this disorder from a biblical point of view using the lives of many people. Dreams The...
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...[pic] Integrated Marketing Communication Submitted To: Madam Aneesa Zafar Assignment: Writing a Term Paper Registration No: SP07-BBA-033 Submitted By: Sidrah Khan Class: BBA-8 Circadian Rhythms as a basis of mood disorder, in particular bipolar disorder. Introduction: The complex structure and the functions of the human body has been a subject of study by a lot of individuals since a very long time. The curiosity of the human being supporting it, further aids in discovering the secrets hidden behind the way a human being is. Biological rhythms or circadian rhythms also make up one of the hidden secrets for the functions of the human beings and scheduling of various tasks. The terms Circadian is derived from Latin word Circa, “around” or “about” and diem or dies “day” meaning literally “about a day” or “around a day”. This circadian rhythm is already built in the complex human body but is regulated by external factors known as “zeitgebers”. The primary or the most important zeitgebers is ‘light’ which helps human automatically start a particular process in one’s life and controls various cycles at regular intervals. This may include sleep/wake cycle, eating habits, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or bipolar disorder. Scientists have long been researching the effects of disturbance of circadian rhythms and its consequences on the life of a human being. This paper also considers the facts that have been...
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...A Literature Review of Tinnitus Andrew Folz Rockhurst University Abstract Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear when no actual sound is present. Tinnitus usually interpreted as a ringing sound that varies in frequency and loudness. There are many causes of tinnitus along with symptoms that are caused by tinnitus. Millions of people, primarily men, are affected with chronic tinnitus that usually leads to hearing loss. This literary review of Tinnitus will cover a current, basic knowledge of tinnitus, possible causes of tinnitus, conditions that may cause tinnitus, experiments involving mice to discover new findings in tinnitus research, and possible treatments that are currently being studied. Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear when no actual sound is present. Though often unrecognized, tinnitus affects millions of people worldwide. Tinnitus is one of the most common physical symptoms. It affects 10-15% of the population at some point in their lives (Holmes and Padgham, 2009). Derived from the Latin word, “tinnire,” which means to ring, tinnitus is commonly experienced as high-pitched noise with mechanical, electrical, or musical qualities. The underlying pathophysiology of tinnitus is unclear. It seems unlikely there is a single underlying cause, but tinnitus may accompany almost any auditory dysfunction. Damage to the middle ear, cochlea, audiovestibular nerve, and cerebral pathways between the cochlear nucleus and primary auditory...
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...If not properly metabolized over time, excessive stress can lead to disorders of our autonomic nervous system causing headache, irritable bowel syndrome, and high blood pressure and disorders of our hormonal and immune systems (creating likelihood of being harmed or influenced by infection, long-lasting tiredness, depression, and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, and allergies). Dr.Selye proposed that the “fight or flight” reflex (or “stress response”) can be activated in present day circumstances that are not threatening to survival (such as in the work place) but are much more frequent. For instance, long term or repeated activation of the fight or flight response by stress causes wear and tear on blood vessels, promoting development of atherosclerotic plaques and in that way raising the risk of heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. This way repeated activation of the fight or flight response may result in the body’s own defense mechanisms to damage its...
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...Understanding Early Drug Use and Its Benefits on Future Drug Treatments Laura-Ryan Brooks Argosy University Abstract Drug abuse is a growing problem in the world today. Past studies have been conducted in efforts to recognize similar patterns in addicts’ lives that may have contributed to their behavior. The emerging results from this research suggested that it was due to several maltreatments occurring during the addicted individual’s adolescent years that were behind their early drug use. It is during the critical years of adolescence, when the brains of young adults are still developing, that the youth of today are most susceptible to a number of issues that can lead towards drug addiction, such as problems at home, abuse, and peer-pressure. Exploring these adversities will help shed some light on why adolescents make the decision to use drugs. This paper will address what influences drug use and how this knowledge can help treat addiction. Issues surrounding why addicts began drug use and how this information could be beneficial in treating substance abuse in the future will be explored. . Understanding Early Drug Use and Its Implications on Future Drug Abuse Treatment Addiction has been defined as a “misguided attempt at self-repair” (du Plessis, 2012 para. 53). But who is in danger of becoming addicted or may be feeling the need of some “self-repairing? During a 2013 testing of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), a tool to assess certain...
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...They tend to last a bit longer then CBT and counselling. The sessions last along the lines of a year or more and are an hour long. There are several types of psychotherapy but they all have the same goal to help understand yourself and improve relationships and get more out of one’s life. It has been noted that psychotherapy can help with depression and even some eating disorders. This is a outpatient treatment normally done at hospitals or clinics. Family Therapy works with the whole family. They explore their views and relationships to fully understand any problems the family is having and helps them communicate with each other. Sessions are about 45 minutes to an hour and a half and normally take place several weeks apart. Relationship counselling this is couples therapy they can help with a crisis in a relationship. The couples talk in confidence to a therapist or counsellor to see what has gone long in the relationship and how it can be changed to make things better. This can lead to helping couples with their need and how to communicate better. It is ideally that both partners should attend the weekly hour long sessions but they at least hope that one person...
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...D. Griffiths International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK; E-Mail: mark.griffiths@ntu.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: daria.kuss@ntu.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-789-111-94-90. Received: 28 June 2012; in revised form: 24 August 2012 / Accepted: 28 August 2012 / Published: 5 September 2012 Abstract: In the past decade, research has accumulated suggesting that excessive Internet use can lead to the development of a behavioral addiction. Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. The aim of this review is to identify all empirical studies to date that used neuroimaging techniques to shed light upon the emerging mental health problem of Internet and gaming addiction from a neuroscientific perspective. Neuroimaging studies offer an advantage over traditional survey and behavioral research because with this method, it is possible to distinguish particular brain areas that are involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. A systematic literature search was conducted, identifying 18 studies. These studies provide compelling evidence for the similarities between different types of addictions, notably substance-related addictions and Internet and gaming addiction, on a variety of levels. On the molecular level, Internet addiction is characterized by an...
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...chemical and physical addiction, including psychosis, a disruptive childhood, or cognitive impairment, positive reinforcement is the major underlying characteristic that envelops an individual’s substance addiction (Osher, 1989). Though the reasons for compulsive drug self-administration varies widely, most, if not all users of drugs do so to avoid negative feelings including anxiety, depression, angst and fear (Goldsmith, Holzer & Manderscheid, 1998). Positive reinforcement is a concept first described by psychologist B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. Skinner introduced reinforcement to the law of effect (Thorndike, 1905) in psychology, stating that behaviour that is reinforced is likely to be repeated and strengthened, while behaviour that is not reinforced will likely be extinguished (McLeod, 2007). Positive reinforcement refers to the rewarding and confident emotions that drug users experience when self-administering drugs or other substances. This theory highlights that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation (Wise & Bozarth, 1987). This view is related to the belief that all positive reinforcers activate a common biological mechanism, with one of the most common components being dopamine fibres that project up the medial forebrain bundle from the midbrain to limbic and cortical regions (Wise & Bozarth, 1987), altering the user’s approach behaviour. In 1938, Skinner defined...
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