...Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic progressive disease-causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. It is a form of Arthritis that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and causes loss of function in the joints. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is when your immune cells of your body make a mistake and attack your own organs, cells, and tissues. It releases antibodies and irritating chemicals resulting in damage and inflammation at the area it is happening at. “Over time, RA can affect other body parts and systems, from your eyes to your heart, lungs, skin, blood vessels, and more.” (WebMD 2018) RA effects both sides of the body for example both knees, and both wrists....
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...completed document—make sure the file you upload and mark as final has your answers typed in it! Note: You must UPLOAD the document and MARK AS FINAL for it to be properly “turned in” through the Portal. 7. Participate in the Class Discussions of this Case Study—this will be completed on the Discussion Forums page within the ASUN Portal. 8. Email me if you have any questions. The Skeletal System - Aging and Disease The skeletal system is required for nearly every body movement. It also supports the body at rest, protects vital organs, and produces blood cells. However, like any other system, it is susceptible to disease. Different diseases become more (or less) likely as the body ages. A few common diseases include scoliosis, arthritis, and osteoporosis Scoliosis Scoliosis is defined as an “s” or “c” shaped spinal curvature. It is most often diagnosed during adolescence, partially due puberty, a biological time period which causes abnormal growth spurts to the skeletal system. Pre-existing conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy may contribute to scoliosis, although the primary cause remains to be identified. Typically, scoliosis is formally diagnosed after an x-ray examining the spinal column has been performed. Children may require additional...
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...Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a musculoskeletal and autoimmune disease, which causes the body’s immune system to target and attack primarily its own joints and joint linings (Brodwin, Tellez, & Brodwin, 2009, p. 124). Since RA is a systematic disease, it affects the body as a whole, and is not limited only to joints. The inflammation and pain can spread from the joints, into the cartilage, connective tissue, and ultimately into adjacent organs (Cush, Kavanaugh, & Stein, 2005, p. 323). After the initial diagnosis of RA, there are three classifications that RA can develop into. The first is called Monocyclic RA, which means that an individual is afflicted with a single episode of inflammation, lasting up to five years, and then enters remission....
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...Rheumatoid Arthritis Gregory Alfonso Biology 115 Dr. Rebecca Coleman Friday, July 19, 2013 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that results in a chronic inflammatory of joints within the body. (CDC) RA is characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia autoantibody production swell to the point that they begin to destroy cartilage and bone structures. This is what causes the skeletal deformation in some patients of RA but not all. Other Symptoms include morning stiffness that can last for several hours my mother has complained about this several times and fatigue, fever and weight loss. (Mayo Clinic) RA can happen to anyone at any age this is one of the common misconception of the disease because when it first started showing up the assumption was that it was an old person disease. There are estimates that there are in 1995-2007, 41 per 100,000 people were diagnosed with RA each year. Incidence rose with age (e.g., 8.7 per 100,000 people among those aged 18-34 compared with 54 per 100,000 among those aged ≥ 85 years); incidence peaked among people aged 65-74 years (89 per 100,000) (all estimates age-adjusted to 2000 US population). From 1995 to 2007, rates increased by 2.5% each year among women but there was a small decrease (0.5%) among men. (Myasoedova, Crowson, Kremers, Therneau, and Gabriel 1) While one study from the Rochester Epidemiology Project that there have been declines in...
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...The Role of Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects 0.5-1.0% of the general population [1]. It is the most common type of inflammatory arthritis and is characterized by synovial inflammation that can lead to structural damage of cartilage, bone and tendons [15]. There has been increasing evidence that the early use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) leads to better outcomes [2]. However to be able to treat patients early they need to be diagnosed early and early diagnosis and treatment monitoring are the primary roles of imaging with regards to RA. Diagnosis of RA is frequently done through clinical examination and patients with RA typically present with pain and stiffness in one or multiple joints. The wrists, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint are most commonly affected. However it is important to note that any synovial joint can be affected. The joints involved are usually bilateral and symmetric and women are more commonly affected than men. Characteristic deformities may also be seen in the hands. [11] CR: Traditionally, radiographs are used for evaluating RA and the...
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...as what we learned from this week that can help team A with week five presentation. In chapter eleven, on the skeletal system, the human skeleton consists of 206 bones and provides support to our bodies. After reading this chapter team A learned about rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder of the skeletal system. The most interesting finding about rheumatoid arthritis is that it is not a disease that results from wear and tear; rheumatoid arthritis is the result of an autoimmune disease. This is extremely interesting to Angelina because she would like to continue her education to help treat patients. Anyone can be affected by this disease at any given time and learning about it can help her understand the symptoms. The endocrine system consists of small glands that are strategically place throughout the body. These glands produce and release chemical substances called hormones. Hormone is a chemical that travels through the blood to cause effect in other areas of body function. What is interesting about hormones is that these chemicals affect five different areas of the body, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, energy production and behavior (Chiras, 2013). Team A found interesting is how these small glands are responsible for important responses in the body, for example, the Fight or Flight response by the adrenal glands. Adrenalin and noradrenalin are secreted under stress, which elevate blood glucose levels, making more energy for the...
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...of young adulthood and late adulthood. It accompanies many changes that some people may not be prepared for or welcome with open arms. The changes that usually deal with the mind and the body gradually develop as time continues to pass. Some of the most drastic changes are the physical changes that can have a profound effect on the way a person at this stage of life view themselves. Common health problems that evolve during this age The physical modification people in this stage of life may experience varies depending on many factors that contribute to one's health. Smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy eating habits and stress can all negatively affect a person's health and increase the chance of acquiring the common health issues middle-aged adult face. Common health issues include Cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, High Cholesterol and Weight gain, all of which have a direct connection to one another. Hypertension In middle adulthood, the body starts to change and evolve in more ways than one. The metabolism starts to slow down, and health problems are more common to arise at this point. There are various common health problems that we see at this age, and a more common one is Hypertension also known as high blood pressure. The higher one's blood pressure becomes, the harder their heart has to work to pump. Hypertension can stem from a variation of things such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, etc. Addressing hypertension can be done medically or...
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...Primary Care Physician Initial Evaluation: Patient Name: Mrs. Wright (53 years old) Description: Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis HISTORY: Mrs. Wright is a 53-year old female who visited Dr. Curtis on 9/21/2013 for devastating pain dealing with her rheumatoid arthritis. She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis on 4/2/2010 by Dr. Ruppert. She was later diagnosed with osteoporosis on 8/5/2010. Along with her arthritis pain, she has other conditions such as: Raynaud syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome-associated constipation (IBS-C), gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and chronic urinary tract and upper respiratory infections. She has gained weight because of the lack of exercise she has performing. Wright complains she is too tired to work out and gets tired throughout the day performing normal activities. She also insists she cannot work out because she always gets hot flashes from her menopause and is simply too hot to work out. Wright also explained she lives alone and cannot always go to see a physician because she cannot get someone to drive her there. She is no longer taking the three medications, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, and prednisone, prescribed by Dr. Ruppert. She explains she had experienced intolerable side effects, including reflux, alopecia, and severe photosensitivity. Dr. Ruppert ordered a comprehensive laboratory evaluation and identified the following: IgG4 food-specific antibodies, essential fatty acid and amino acid imbalances, nutrient...
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...hot, aromatic, and considered enjoyable by many. The first documented use of coffee was in the 15th century in the Sufi monasteries in the part of the world that is now Yemen. The Sufis used the beverage to aid in concentration and to keep themselves alert while performing night time devotions. While most will have no problem drinking one or two cups of coffee a day, drinking too much coffee can cause health problems and lead to coffee dependence. Caffeine in coffee is the drug that causes many of the effects of coffee. Caffeine is a stimulant which many people use to wake up in the morning and stay mentally alert throughout the day. Studies show that 30 milligrams or less of caffeine can alter mood and affect behavior and 100 mg per day can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon abstinence. The most common withdrawal symptoms: headache, fatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, decreased motivation, irritability, depression, anxiety, flu-like symptoms, and impaired cognitive performance. Students in college, for example, can easily become dependent on coffee. Classroom hours are demanding and students must be alert. College also requires many hours of concentration and focus to complete assignments, and prepare for test. Students must also find time for activities of daily living, and responsibilities other than school. Drinking coffee can easily become an integral part of daily...
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...List of Inherited Disease Posted by nutrifile on September 7th, 2011 Family history plays an important role in a person’s health condition. For example, if in anyfamily history of cancer, it means that we or our children have the possibility to inherit the same gene. In other words, the risk for developing cancer is much higher than the risk of individuals who do not have the gene. So far scientists have identified genes that can increase the roughly 400 most prominent disease conditions, such as Parkinson’s and cystic fibrosis or fatal condition caused by genetic mutations. Cystic fribrosis cause the formation of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and various other parts. However some diseases are caused not only by a single gene but rather due to a combination of several factors such as diet and lifestyle. Call it like high blood pressure, heart disease or schizophrenia. Here are some of the diseases and their percentage of the level of risk that may be derived related to a history which is owned by family members: 1. High blood pressure Hypertension or high blood pressure is a state where a person experiences an increase in blood pressure above normal or chronic (long periods). Hypertension is often not realized because it is not symptomatic. To find the blood pressure measurements were taken. If not promptly treated, may increase the risk of stroke orheart attack. Inherited risk: According to experts, if one of your parents have high blood pressure, your risk of getting...
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...Fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia has been shown to be genetic. It frequently becomes evident after stressful events. The stressful events may be emotional (such as a traumatic life event), physical (such as a motor-vehicle accident), or medical (such as certain infections). The chronic pain of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other autoimmune diseases can trigger the development of fibromyalgia. The manner in which the brain and spinal cord process pain sensations is abnormal in fibromyalgia. The threshold at which stimuli cause pain or discomfort has been proven to be lower in fibromyalgia. The pain felt is more intense because the pain is amplified by the abnormalities in the central nervous system and in pain processing. Because of this, things that are not normally painful may be painful for someone with fibromyalgia. In addition, fibromyalgia causes the pain from any given cause to be worse. For example, a patient with fibromyalgia may find a massage painful instead of pleasant. In addition, back pain that someone without fibromyalgia experiences as moderate may be experienced as severe by someone with fibromyalgia, because the pain is amplified by abnormalities in pain processing by the central nervous system. Syndrome The defining feature of fibromyalgia is chronic widespread pain. This means pain in multiple areas of the body, most commonly in muscles, tendons, and joints. The pain is generally above and below the waist, on the left side of the...
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...without health insurance. She must find options for paying for prenatal care and delivery of the baby. Option one in the state of Kentucky would be to apply for Medicaid. Under Medicaid eligibility requirements most women will qualify if they meet the poverty guidelines (CMS.gov, 2011 ). If she were ineligible for Medicaid a second option would be to go to the local Health Department where fees are based on income. The Health Department has an OBGYN on staff full time. The Health Department also works with the University of Kentucky for delivery and other necessary testing she may need. If she were unable for any reason to qualify for services at the Health Department, the costs would be expensive. According to CostHelper.com prenatal visits could approximate to be around $3200. That’s not to mention the cost of delivery. A vaginal delivery with an epidural could range around $8000, if a caesarian section would be needed the cost could range to be around $30,000 (CostHelper, 2011 ). Financing this would be out of the question for someone this age. If she were to make a minimum payment of $25 a month for a simple delivery and prenatal care, it would take nearly 40 years to pay off. She would be better off filing for bankruptcy. In this situation consumerism does not have any influence on the decision making power because of the time frame. It’s not just looking for a new Primary Care Physician. Scenario 2 A 55 year old male that is a former smoker is found to...
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...inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend appropriate therapy. 9. Recommend appropriate analgesic therapy for older patients with osteoarthritis. 10. Discuss risks and benefits of medication classes used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. 2. Which of the following is the single most important intervention you can make to reduce her risk of falls? A. Suggest to J.T. that her neurologist reassess her Parkinson disease...
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...Fibromyalgia [pic] Exercise for Special Populations February 17, 2012 Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and fatigue. It affects approximately 2% of the population, and is more common in women than in men. Central nervous system sensitization affects the entire body, leading to many secondary symptoms. This paper will cover the history, symptoms, and causes of FMS as well as known treatments and exercise prescription for the syndrome. Fibromyalgia has been described as a full-body migraine. Another common explanation is to compare everyday life with FMS as being similar to the aches and pains associated with a severe case of the flu. FMS patients experience intermittent flares, which are episodes of increased symptoms. Flares usually occur in response to physical or emotional stress, a schedule change, an illness or injury, a new job, the birth of a child, etc. While fibromyalgia is not considered a degenerative disorder, its symptoms usually become more severe if the patient also has a degenerative disorder such as arthritis. First, a patient must have experienced continuous pain in all four quadrants of the body for at least three months (Wolfe et al., 1990). Doctors will usually order many tests in order to rule out other conditions that might be confused with fibromyalgia. The key diagnostic tool for FMS is the tender point exam. No more than...
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...though she does not have to wear the traditional dress, Abir comes from a very strong cultural and religious family and she wishes to live her life according to the Koran by wearing the jilbab/abaya, which are the long, loosely-fitted garments worn by Muslim women to cover the shape of their bodies. They are often worn in combination with the hijab or niqab. Patrick is an elderly gentleman who is an insulin dependent Diabetic. Patrick has been living on his own since his wife died three years ago. However, he has become rather forgetful and has not been adhering to his diet or taking his medication regularly and ended up in hospital in a diabetic coma. His family is pleased because they have secured a place for him in a nearby nursing home. Jasmin is 17 years old and is currently studying for her A-levels. She is so busy with her course work, often working late into the night, that she is not eating regular meals, relying rather on a lot of snacks that she eats in her bedroom, not having time to enjoy meals with her family. Peter is 45 years old and works in the city in the Banking industry. He has been having a lot of discomfort recently and has been to his GP complaining of abdominal pain, bloating, bouts of diarrhoea and constipation. The GP referred Peter to a gastroenterologist, who has informed him that there is no apparent abnormality in his bowel. The consultant diagnosed Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Assess how influences on dietary intake may affect the nutritional...
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