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Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,

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Many individuals at some point in their lives may report feelings of extreme sadness or simply “feeling depressed”. However, such feelings are only one of seven symptoms recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of three primary clinical forms of depression recognized by the DSM-IV. The DSM-IV recognizes the following seven symptoms as indicative of Major Depressive Disorder: (1) significant weight loss (while not trying to lose weight), significant weight gain, or change in appetite; (2) insomnia or hypersomnia; (3) psychomotor agitation or retardation; (4) fatigue or loss of energy; (5) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; (6) decreased concentration or indecisiveness; and (7) recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plan, or attempt (Craighead, Ritschel, Arnarson, & Gillespie, 2008, chap. 8). According to the DSM-IV, an individual must experience “marked distress or a decrease in level of functioning” for at least 2 weeks (Craighead et al., 2008, p. 281). The individual must also experience on an almost daily basis, an occurrence of a dysphoric mood or loss of interest/pleasure in almost all activities two weeks prior to the diagnosis of MDD (Craighead et al., 2008, chap. 8). The patient must experience at least four of the seven previously mentioned symptoms (only three if both loss of interest/pleasure and dysphoric mood are present) (Craighead et al., 2008, chap. 8). It is also required that the second through sixth symptoms must occur almost daily in order for a patient to be diagnosed with MDD (Craighead et al., 2008, chap. 8). There are nine diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode: (1) depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day; (2) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every

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