...Shyam Venkatasubramanian TA: Anthony Sparacino PLAP 1010 Power to the President Throughout the history of the United States, the three branches of government had experienced their respective highs and lows. During creation of the United States Constitution, its authors had a preconceived notion that the legislative branch would end up being the more capable of the other two branches of government. All things considered, the legislative branch was a leading force for states amid the Revolutionary War and amid the Articles of Confederation years. The vast majority of the Bill of Rights starts with the expression "Congress shall make no law." That being said, like the sentiments during the Revolutionary Period and amid the Articles of Confederation, the squabbling and absence of solidarity in Congress counteracted it; from playing the authority part the founders felt it ought to take. When talking about the judicial branch, its role is specified once in the Constitution and all that is expressed is that Congress is looking to create a judicial structure. The authors of the Constitution felt that most laws would be upheld and translated at the state level. It was Chief Justice John Marshall who extended the force of the Supreme Court amidst the Marbury vs. Madison case. Here, Marshall yielded the court the privilege to translate the Constitutionality of laws. In this way, the Supreme Court and the judicial branch started to gain traction as an efficient force in the government...
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...-14.8% for 2002 and -1.9% for 2003. In 2003 the unemployment rate reached 18.9% and by 2004 it had decreased only to 15.1%” (Lopez Maya, pg 222).The leadership of Hugo Chávez in 1998 marked the rise of the left in Latin America and especially the rise of the Bolivarian forces. The leadership of Hugo Chávez in 1998 marked the rise of the left in Latin America and especially the rise of the Bolivarian forces. After this devastating downfall for Venezuela's economy and political regime the government seeked an effective way to productively confront the political and economic impact that was created. Leading to the creation of the Endogenous Development Nuclei. This reform was created on the basis to offer solutions to the principles of participatory democracy for important social problems. This was used to strengthen the social economy as well as to gain social unity. The Bolivarian economy began to strengthen as the oil prices boomed and their international policy strongly promoted the multipolar international system. Controversy arose as Venezuela created more links with Cuba, Chavez wanted to make himself heard and known in the international system, verbally emphasizing his...
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...Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent," and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".[2] In origin in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy. In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group (the aristocratic class), and contrasted withdemocracy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Concept The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of famous citizens was commonly used and contrasted with direct democracy in which a council of male citizens was appointed as their "senate". The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1] In Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. Later, aristocracies primarily consisted of an elitearistocratic class, privileged by birth and often by wealth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power. However this distinction is often oversimplified. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part. Simply put, a government when only a certain part of the general public can...
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...relation with the ethical foundations of politics. Furthermore, it included an introduction to political ideologies with a focus on the democratic ones. Moreover, it showcased the development of the modern state, along with some key concepts in politics such as constitutions and processes such as pressure groups and social movements. Before engaging in comparing political systems, it is imperative to be aware of the comparison methodology used for this kind of social science. The scientific method used in social sciences is based on the empirical method which includes several steps, of which the most important are: the formulation of the hypotheses after asking curious questions related to a topic of interest - the data collection - the data analysis - the results’ interpretation related to the questions raised. Looking at the political attitudes of people under a specific political system helps to understand the political systems, but what is the reason behind that? Simply because looking at the political attitude of every individual might prove itself to be impossible, so social scientists started analyzing the general trend in the political attitudes of people and put it under a certain framework making it easier to link to the political system and to interpret it. While looking at the political attitudes under a certain regime, we might notice some differences that rise from a system to another. For example, to what extent people are discussing politics and how...
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...of the Constitution Review commission in the constitution making process, the relationship between 1972 constitution and the UNIP constitution. The assignment will also analyse the difference between provisions of article 71(2) (c) of 1991 and 1996 and the relevant case law that brought about the change of the provision. Definitions of CRC will be given and a brief history of the various CRCs will be given and in addition each of the relevant questions will be looked at individually and answered according to the case law and statutes available and relevant to them. A: THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSION IN THE CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS A constitution review commission is an inquiry into matters of public interest that is appointed by the president. The constitution review commission is normally abbreviated as CRC. A CRC is made in pursuance of the Inquiries Act CAP 41 which states in part that the Act (Inquiries Act) shall provide for the appointment of a commission to inquire into and report on matters referred to them. Article 2 (1) states, “The president may issue a commission appointing one or more commissions to inquire into any matter in which an inquiry would in the opinion of the president, be for the public welfare”. Role of CRCs in constitution making process. The role that CRCs play in the constitution making process can never be over emphasized. These two aspects that is the process of constitutional making and the content of the constitution must not...
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...The term constitution has been defined by many scholars, one such scholar defines a constitution as,” a document having a special legal sanctity which sets out the framework and principal functions of the organs of government with the state, and declares the principals by which those organs must operate” . The idea of a constitution is not a new one but is as old as the concept of government. One cannot speak of the government without directly linking it to the constitution which it is founded on. A constitution as noted from the above definition describes what constitutes a government which is the different organs, regulates the actions of the organs of government and restricts the actions of that government based on what is regarded as constitutional acts of that government as provided for in the constitution. A constitution of any state plays an important role in the governing of that state; constitutions worldwide have mostly emerged as a result of the need to start a new chapter in the way that states are governed. This is mostly evident in countries that were once colonised and those that went through revolutions. For those colonised, after attaining independence many adopted constitutions from their colonial masters. Although many of the colonised states of Africa had inherited constitutions from there colonial masters. These constitutions did not stand the taste of time as they were bequeathed on them and was not a true reflection of how the general citizenry of the...
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...HOW MEANINGFUL IS THE NOTION OF PEOPLE FIRST IN POLICY MAKING 1. Policy making is the process by which governments translate political vision into programmes and actions which are meant to deliver desired change in the real world. Governments in the world are adopting people first approach to policy making. Policy making which is implemented in the best interest of the society is one of the major functions and responsibility of governments. (Issa Shivji, 2003). For all policies (urban or rural) to be effective there is need to take into consideration people who are going to be largely affected by the policies. This would involve the development of policies from the grassroots level going up. 2. The people first notion in policy making is a feasible and noble idea that seeks to eradicate poverty among citizens as it seeks to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, developed and developing countries, rural and urban areas, large enterprises and small enterprises and to restore human dignity (Baum 2010). Ideally policies should be designed with the needs of the people at heart while policy formulation process be carried out with the objective of improving socio economic well being of citizens. 3. The policy making process does not start from a vacuum. Normally the process starts with the public or people becoming aware of an issue as a problem and because of demands made by certain groups and dominant values in a society the problem is then defined as one that requires action...
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...Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested in transit to Cuba and ordered returned to Fort Santiago in Manila to stand trial for rebellion, sedition and illicit association. He was tried on December 26, found guilty and condemned to death. Jose Rizal was shot by a firing squad on December 30, 1896. Rizal's execution gave the rebellion fresh determination. The Katipunan was divided between factions loyal to Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Due to his successes in battle, Aguinaldo was elected to replace Bonifacio. Bonifacio withdrew his supporters and the two factions began to fight. Bonifacio was arrested, tried and executed on May 10, 1897 by Aguinaldo's order. Aguinaldo's forces were driven from Cavite to Bulacan where Aguinaldo declared the constitution and established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Both sides soon came to realize that the struggle between Spain and the new Republic had reached an impasse. The rebels could not meet the Spanish regulars in the field but neither could the Spanish put down the guerrillas. Negotiations began in August and concluded in December with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The agreement extended a general amnesty to the rebels with a payment of US$800,000 for Aguinaldo and his government to retire in voluntary exile to Hong Kong. Aguinaldo left the Philippines with his government on December 27, 1897. While in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his compatriots designed what is today the Philippine national flag. Spanish-American War / War of Philippine Independence...
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...Green Party Candidate: Jill Stein Political Views * Cover abortion on the Health Care System. Jill Stein believes that woman should have control over their own body. * Legalize same-sex marriage because she believes in equality for all people. * Legalize marijuana and hemp; she also wants to dismiss all the prisoners that were sent to jail on drug cases. * The Green Party supports equal access to high-quality education, and sharp increases in financial aid for college students and fundamental changes in our priorities are needed at the national and local levels, within the public and private sectors, in the classroom, and at home to make education our first priority. * They don’t believe in war but they believe in global piece * Green New Deal - a package of policy proposals that aims to address global warming, and financial crises * THE ECONOMIC BILL OF RIGHTS – creates the Full Employment Program, this program will help create more jobs by nationally funding. It will be monitored locally by a direct employment initiative that will replace unemployment offices * A GREEN TRANSITION- this program will invest in green business by providing grants and low-interest loans to create more green jobs. Use the funds that were used for fossil fuels and other industries and use it toward research in wind, solar and geothermal. This program will also provide green jobs by enacting the Full Employment Program which will directly provide 16 million...
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...BENEFITS AND GAINS DERIVED FROM THE NEW (2010) CONSTITUTION IN COMPARISON TO THE OLD CONSTITUTION. The Constitution of Kenya was promulgated on 27 August 2010 after a period of more than twenty years in the making. The 2010 Constitution of Kenya marks the outcome of an arduous journey, necessitated by a constitutional development history that began during the pre-colonial period. Several issues have been a recurring theme, having found expression in the Independence Constitution; they underwent modifications during the ensuing years through amendments, resulting in dissatisfaction that eventually led to the demand for constitutional reform, culminating in the 2010 Constitution. Fundamental Principles of the Constitution. The 2010 Constitution of Kenya commences with a statement of the sovereignty of the people and the supremacy of the Constitution as some of the fundamental principles of the Constitution. In relation to identifying the source of all political power as the people of Kenya, the 2010 Constitution improves on the previous Constitution, which was silent as to the role of the people of Kenya in the constitution. In the 2010 Constitution, national values and principles of governance have been enshrined in Article 10. Although the previous Constitution incorporated values and principles, they were not explicitly stated as such but could be discerned from the provisions. Thus, values such as equity, equality, and non-discrimination can be identified in the Bill of Rights...
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...Harmonized Curriculum for Civics & Ethics Common Course for Under Graduate Degree Program Ethiopia August 2009 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Course Title: - Civics and Ethics Course Code: - CvEt 201 Credit Hours: - 3 Learning Outcomes A graduate from Ethiopian higher education institution who has taken this course:will be inquisitive, critical, analytic, integrative and morally balanced person. exhibits higher ethical standards like open-mindedness, rational thinking, evidenceoriented personality and problem solving skills with high professional spirit. tends to be more participatory in socio-economic and political endeavors will be practical, highly concerned, responsible and loyal to his/her nation Course Objectives At the end of this course, students will be • familiar with key concepts like civics, ethics and profession • equipped with basic knowledge, skills and attitude of socio-economic and political issues of their country • familiar with government institutions, policies, strategies and legal provisions of their country • able to analyze the dynamics of socio-economic and political transformations of their country • able to develop the knowledge of work habit; professional, environmental, development and public service ethics, and their repercussions • familiarized with foundations of democracy and good governance and tools of democratization process • able to assess the values of multi-culturalism and tolerance for mutual understandings and co-existence • able to gain an...
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...AN INVESTIGATION ON HOW THE PEOPLE IN BELVEDERE CAN GET INVOLVED IN THE LAW MAKING PROCESS AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES OBJECTIVES * To state how one can convince everyone above the age of eighteen in Belvedere to participate in the law making process * To study factors affecting the full participation of the people living in belvedere. * To state how gender affects the law making process. * To state why public participation is important to democracy. * To suggest way in which implementation of the involvement of the community can be ensured and be democratic. METHODOLOGY The researcher engaged into mouth to mouth survey and researches from the internet plus books. By this the researcher asked people in the community in a systematic way were by she skipped every three houses before she could get into a question and answer situation. The researcher encountered people with an ignorant attitude who turned down such an interview and the major problem lies on the honesty of the person being interviewed as it is his or her own point of view. The researcher took into account most of the things which involved the survey from the articles of newspapers. FINDINGS Factors affecting the full participation of the people As adamant as people are most of them deliberately take being involved as a waste of time, or consumption of the wrong time at the wrong moment cause of the after effect of the post 2007-9 era. Most of the...
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...has achieved some remarkable successes but also failed in significant ways. While economic growth has been rapid over recent decades, this has not translated into greater welfare for the majority of the Indian population. Despite being severely critical of its politicians, the electorate however remains enthusiastic in its political participation, especially at elections. In 1947, when India gained her independence from colonial rule, the choice of parliamentary democracy and a universal franchise for such a poor, vast and largely illiterate nation was considered foolhardy by many observers, at home and abroad. Nevertheless the first general election was held with great rigour, enthusiasm and success in 1952. In the meantime, a Constitution reflecting the political and ideological goals of the new nation had been adopted. It was authored by the Constituent Assembly made up of 299 members who represented the enormous class, religious and linguistic diversity of India’s population and who after much debate and deliberation set out the framework for India’s future as a republic and parliamentary democracy. Enshrined within it were the principles of the separation of powers, a universal Indian citizen with constitutional rights, equality before the law, the separation of civil and military powers, and the necessity for political competition. The press remains as free as any in the world and contributes to a lively and highly contested public sphere. So according to the ...
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...The organization structure of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is based on a divisional organization structure. My division of the VA is called the Veterans Benefit Administration (VBA), and it’s formed by various employees from different departments who form various groups in order to achieve an objective and solve an issues relating to all monetary benefits for veterans. All VBA group members, are specialized in a certain functions, however each member is familiar with all the laws and regulations governed to find the best solution to resolve a veteran’s claim using accuracy, privacy and professionalism. Once a resolution is achieved, the group dissolves and each member returns to her specific department. How an organization is setup can directly impact how successful the organization is in achieving those goals. Without an appropriate organizational structure, a business will not succeed. The VA has the solemn duty to serve those who have served our nation. America’s Veterans have served in many conflicts, most recently in Iraq and Afghanistan, with a mission to keep our country and the American people safe. While the organizational structure is centered on the company’s goals, it also dictates how reporting priorities and key strategies of upper management. There are three main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure. VA’s mission is to fulfill President Lincoln’s promise “to care for him who shall have borne the battle...
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...Bianca Singer-Barber Professor Brook Cultural Anthropology 24 March 2014 How the Pygmies Can Instruct Americans Anthropologists study cultures for many different reasons, one of which being to understand differences in the way that societies interpret the same concept. In “The Forest People”, Turnbull discusses several practices in Pygmy society that allow the small community to continue to flourish in spite of, what many of us would consider to be, severe disadvantages. The Pygmy’s basic trust in one another, understanding of the need to accomplish communal goals, and distribution of leadership and responsibility are all examples of aspects that may be present in American society but that the Pygmy’s could instruct us on how to improve on. One aspect of Pygmy culture that should more widely be practiced in the United States is the concept of basic trust within a culture or society. Trustworthy parental figures that act on the needs of children, with warm and calming resolutions, make for a positive world image. The Pygmy’s society is full of this kind of adult. For instance, the parents of everyone in the same age group are all referred to, by the children, as "mother" or "father,” while the older ones are called "grandparents." As far as pygmy children are concerned, all adults are their parents and grandparents, which gives the community a familial connection rather than the disconnection that is created when neighbors and community members isolate themselves...
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