...net/kristenaoconnor/cell-organelles) Cell membrane: the cell membrane also known as plasma membrane is the biological membrane that separates the interior cell from the outside environment. It provide support and protection for the cell. It serves as the entrance and exit of the cell. Cytoplasm: cytoplasm is a jelly like material that fill the cell. It contains food and water for the cell. It holds the organelle in place. It is mainly composed of water, salt and proteins. Nucleus : it contains the majority of genetic materials as DNA molecules along with variety of protein to form chromosomes. which makes humans who and what they are. Endoplasmic reticulum: the endoplasmic reticulum serves many functions, it folds protein molecules in sacs cisternae, it transports synthesized proteins in the vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus: it is made up of membrane bound sacs .The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like protein and lipids as they synthesize in the cell. It modifies sorts and package proteins to be secreted. Mitochondria: it is of the referred to as the powerhouse . It breaks down food and release energy to the cell. Lysosomes: they organelle that contain the digestive enzymes. It cleans up the cell’s waste product. Centriole: the main function of the centriole is to help the division in cells. It also helps in the formation of the spindle fibre s that separate the chromosomes during cell division. Chromatin: the main function of...
Words: 1291 - Pages: 6
...INTESTINAL (GIT) SYSTEM. This section relates to activities on introduction to GIT. You are expected to consult the recommended physiology textbooks in your module study guide and the online textbook to gain adequate knowledge on these topics. Activity 1 Identify the anatomical structure of the GIT? * Mouth * Pharynx * Oesophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine 1.2 – Explain the functions of the features identify in activity 1.1? * Mouth: Food begins its journey through digestive system in the mouth; inside the mouth are many organs that aid in the digestion of food –the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. * Pharynx: the throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck where it opens into the oesophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly. It functions as a passage way for both the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharynx receives the food after being swallowed and pushes it to the oesophagus. * Oesophagus: The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach. The oesophagus contracts to produce wavelike motions, it receives food from the mouth when you swallow by means of a series of muscular contractions...
Words: 3033 - Pages: 13
...Degenerative Disc Disease The vertebral column acts as a support system for the whole of the human body, it gives our body shape, support, stability and allows nervous impulses to be travelled through the column to allow movement. Although this provides support for the body, it needs to be able to keep its shape and stand upright by itself, it does this by containing spinal discs between each pair of vertebrae, the discs are composed of fibrocartilage and keep the vertebrae together in the spinal column, it also allows for some movement and prevents bones from rubbing against each other. Degenerative disc disease is a skeletal disorder that causes the spinal discs in the vertebrae to deteriorate, losing their mass, elasticity, flexibility and...
Words: 1933 - Pages: 8
...Reproductive system- produces gametes that can create new life when united with a gamete of opposite sex. the reproductive system is responsible for secondary characteristics. Male Reproductive System Testes The two testes (one is called a testis) are contained in a bag of skin called a scrotum. They have two functions are: to produce sperm, and to make the hormone testosterone. Sperm Duct and Glands The sperm passes through the sperm duct and mixes with fluids produced by glands. The fluids provide the sperm cells with nutrients. The mixture is called semen. Penis and Urethra The penis has two functions: to pass urine out of the body from the bladder and to pass semen into the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse. The urethra is the tube the penis that can carry urine or semen. A ring of muscle ensures that urine and semen do not get mixed. Prostate gland A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in the male reproductive system and releasing a fluid called semen. Female Reproductive System Ovaries The two ovaries contain eggs (ova). Ova are the female gametes or sex cells. Women have these cells in their body since birth but men have to produce sperm contain ally. Oviducts The oviducts is lined with ciliated cells. Every month, an egg develops and becomes mature and is released from an ovary. Uterus and cervix The uterus is a muscular bag with a soft lining. It is where a baby develops until its birth. The cervix is a ring of muscle...
Words: 2849 - Pages: 12
...I was eating an cheeseburger and then something pop out of my mind. I wonder what happen to my cheeseburger that I just ate so I went home and seach it up. The process of mechanical digestion begins as you take your first bite of food. Your teeth carry out the first stage of mechanical digestion. Your center teeth, or incisors, cut the food into bite-sized pieces. On the either side of the incisors are sharp, pointy teeth called canines. These teeth tear and slash the food in your mouth into smaller pieces. Like mechanical digestion, chemical digestion begins in the mouth. If you take a bite of a cracker and roll it around your mouth, the crackers begins to taste sweet. It tastes sweet because a chemical in the saliva has broken down the starch in the cracker in to...
Words: 1236 - Pages: 5
...The Digestive System is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After the food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the throat and enters the stomach. It is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn't need or can't digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. The digestive system is a key component of everyday life due to the fact it handles all the intake of water and food sources. The Endocrine System is made up of a group of glands that produce the body's long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body. This system is not a major component but does play an important role in the growth process. The Lymphatic System is also a defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting...
Words: 1044 - Pages: 5
...Do what you love and you won’t work a day in your life. I love the study of the human body, so I have made it my goal to inform other prospective students of kinesiology about the basics. Kinesiology is the study of the movement of the human body. The field of kinesiology has grown in recent years. For years, the field was limited to only physical education teachers. The field of kinesiology now includes but is not limited to coaching, sports marketing, sport promotion, athletic training, sports medicine, sports psychology, sports law, personal training, exercise rehabilitation, conditioning coaching for athletes, fitness managing, gym/spa ownership, exercise specialization for the elderly, corporate fitness specialization, physical education, high-level sports instruction, gym exercise instruction, or specialized instruction for those with disabilities (American Kinesiology Association). In most if not all of these careers relating to kinesiology, the...
Words: 1710 - Pages: 7
...anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 2. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy metabolism ...
Words: 14385 - Pages: 58
...Briefly describe the overall structure of the digestive system with reference to all the major organs The function of the digestive system is “the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of nutrients by cells”(1) The structure of the digestive system consists of the alimentary canal which is 9 meters in length. Its starts at the mouth and ends at the anus with the accessory organs. Alimentary Canal Mouth-Consist of the tongue, taste buds, palate , palatine tonsils and teeth. Pharynx-is the nasal and oral cavitys. Oesophagus- a muscular tube leading to the stomach Stomach-pouch shapped organ. Small intestine-organ that contains 3 parts. Large intestine- starts at the ileum contains the caecum and colon and ends at the rectum. Accessory Organs Salivary glands- There are 3: Parotid, submandibular and sublingual. Liver- It has 2 lobes Gallbladder- Pancreas- Describe the process of digestion The digestion of food begins in the mouth which contains the tongue which moves food around making it easier to chew and also contains the taste buds, palate , palatine tonsils and teeth. The tooth has 4 layers which are the crown, the root, the enamel and dentin. These all contribute to digestion by reducing the size of the food, taste the food (which makes food enjoyable), and also protects against infection. The food then continues its journey through the pharynx to the muscular tube called the oesophagus. The food then passes to the stomach through...
Words: 1948 - Pages: 8
...Dehaney | Start Date | 20/05/15 | Submission Date | 10/06/15 | Feedback Date | 17/05/15 | Vocational Context | Task 1 - 3 (P1,P2,P3)You are working in a health clinic and have been asked to produce a poster to explain the functions of the main cell, tissue and body components to display in the clinic. Task 4 (P4,M1,D1)You are an advisor in your local sports centre and you have been asked to design and produce an information booklet to explain to clients how the body requires and utilises energy. This should include:Produce a written report on the body’s response to exercise. The report will be based on primary and secondary research. The report will include:Task 5 (P5,M2,D2) 1. An explanation of the concept of homeostasis and its role in exercise and healthy functioning of the body. 2. Measurements collected from practical work involving physical activity and your interpretation of them together with comments on the validity of the data collected.Task 6 (P6)Complete exercise programme and complete data form and graphs sheets | The Brief | Task 1 (P1)Using a large piece of paper, produce an annotated poster of a cell as it is seen under the microscope. You must include the following; * Organelles – nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula * Golgi apparatus * LysosomesThe notes accompanying the labels should include the main activities carried out by the organelles. Cells: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm; organelles – mitochondria...
Words: 2127 - Pages: 9
...consult a physician first. The information presented herein is not meant to treat or prevent any disease or to provide the reader with medical advice. If you are looking for specific medical advice then you should obtain this information from a licensed health-care practitioner. This publication is intended for informational use only. Sean Nalewanyj and EliteImpact Labs Inc. will not assume any liability or be held responsible for any form of injury, personal loss or illness caused by the utilization of this information. The individual results obtained from the use of this program will vary from person to person and we make no guarantee as to the degree of results that you will personally achieve. This publication is fully copyrighted and does not come with giveaway or resale rights. You may not sell or redistribute this report. It is reserved solely for registered EliteImpactLabs.com members. Copyright and illegal distribution violations will be prosecuted. © www.EliteImpactLabs.com - All Rights Reserved ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2012 - All Rights Reserved Page 2 www.EliteImpactLabs.com INTRODUCTION Thanks for downloading the EliteImpact Labs "28-Day Fast Mass Building Plan ". My name is Sean Nalewanyj and I’m a renowned bodybuilding trainer (just google me), best-selling fitness author, success coach and founder of EliteImpact Labs. If you can set aside just 10 short minutes of your...
Words: 5971 - Pages: 24
...Major body systems Cardio-vascular The cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, pumps blood around the body. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood, it then returns to the heart where it is pumped around the body. It also allows nutrients, hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide to be transported around the body. Heart: The heart is made up of three layers: * Pericardium – the outer layer of the heart made of two fibrous sacs with fluid between them. It is there to protect the heart and prevent friction between the different beats as well as preventing distension of the heart. * Myocardium – is a specialist cardiac muscle and does not have control over itself. It contains a network of fibres that transmit the hearts electrical signals causing the heart to contract. The myocardium at its thickest at the apex of the heart and it thins towards the base in accordance to the workload that the heart undertakes. There is fibrous tissue running through it providing support as well as the specialist fibres that conduct the electrical signals. * Endocardium – the endocardium is a smooth epithelial tissue that allows a rapid movement of blood, it extends through all the vessels in the circulatory system. The heart is made up of four chambers. The septum divides the two sides of the heart and on each side of the heart there is an atrium – where blood goes into – and a ventricle – where blood is...
Words: 6118 - Pages: 25
...organs • Transport of nutrients – participates in the breakdown of food • Body temperature regulation - water has a large heat capacity that allows it to help limit any changes to an individual's body temperature in a certain environment. For example the release of heat when the surrounding temperature is higher than body temperature • Elimination of waste' Urea – Urea is an organic molecule made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Urea is a common constituent of blood and other various bodily fluids, and is formed from ammonia in the kidney and liver. Ammonia is produced through the breakdown of proteins during tissue metabolism. Metabolic reactions that take place within the body can produce a surplus of amino acids of which can be converted into the waste product otherwise known as urea through the process of deamination in the liver. Proteins obtained through an...
Words: 2877 - Pages: 12
...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
Words: 1755 - Pages: 8
...Respiratory system Nose | Air enters and leaves the respiratory system through the nose. It warms and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs, and helps remove unwanted particles, like dust and soot. | Trachea | The trachea is also known as the windpipe. It is a bony tube, which connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, hence is an important part of the respiratory system in vertebrates | Lungs | The lungs take in oxygen, which the body's cells need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cells. | Nervous system Brain | The brain is like a central computer that control bodily functions. It is protected by the skull to reduce damage. It is divided into many parts, including the cerebrum and brain stem. It stores and sorts out information before sending out any necessary commands. It is the centre of control and its job would be incomplete without the spinal cord. | Nerves | Each nerve is connected to a particular area and is responsible for connection to and from different regions of the body. ‘Multiple sclerosis’ is a problem which can damage nerves and prevent signals to travel from them. | Spinal cord | The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve tissues. It is protected by the vertebrae so it doesn’t get damaged. There is also fluid that helps protect nerve tissue, keeping it healthy by removing waste products. The brains job would not be possible without the spinal cord. | Sense...
Words: 2643 - Pages: 11
