...Justifying the Bill of Rights Professor Maria Toy, J.D. LEG107 The amendments to the United States Constitution play an important role in the history, politics and law of our country. When the Bill of Rights was originally proposed to the First Federal Congress in 1789 by James Madison, the intent was for the amendments to be integrated into the original text of the Constitution. As we now know, Madison’s idea did not prevail and Congress decided the first ten amendments and the subsequent seventeen be appended (BYU Journal of Public Law [Volume 25], January 1, 2011). The amendments are an integral part of the Constitution, the framework of the incomparable American justice system that has great impact on the legal system and political climate of the United States. Each of the amendments was written either to overrule a Supreme Court decision, to force societal change, or to revise details of the existing Constitution. The Constitution is an evolving document that some believe is “a living constitution that was written so it could adapt to a changing nation” (Huey-Burns, 2010). Additionally, many of the modern day issues we face such as same-sex marriage, healthcare and insurance policy, and immigration reform, have deep constitutional roots. Amendments are crucial because they give us a mechanism to update and reflect changes in time and public opinion. The process of amending the Constitution fulfills a crucial part of the checks and balance system of our...
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...The Women’s Movement is a broad movement campaigning for women’s liberations and rights. Women did not have any rights whatsoever back then and they just wanted to be equal to men. So the women started a movement and fought for their rights as people to be able to do what the men were doing politically. “In the 18th and 19th centuries, American law was based upon English common law and the doctrine of coverture, which stated that a woman's legal rights were incorporated into those of her husband when she married, and she was not recognized as having rights and obligations distinct from those of her husband. One of the few legal advantages of marriage for a woman was that her husband was obligated to support her and be responsible for her debts.”...
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...What was the Progressive movement? Explain some Progressive policies and ideals while also discussing some of the leaders of the Progressive movement and their role in American society. The Progressive Era was a movement that influenced the improvement of the United States through both political reform and social activism. This movement occurred from the 1890s to the 1920s. This era is marked by the policies, ideals, and people that positively transformed our nation. Though this movement was marked by many positive advancements, three policies are memorable enough to stand above the rest. The addition of women’s suffrage worked to give American women the representation they deserved. The entirety of the occupation issues found hazardous...
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...society is and has been an ever-changing one, from mother to doctor to soldier and everything in between. With increasing standards and demands on them to be the one who keep’s the family grounded and together in a chaotic society that thinks none to highly of them or their rights as citizens. I chose to focus on women’s changing roles during the time period from 1865 through 1920 and then through 1920 to this present day. The reason I chose to focus on the women of our history is because this was a very unstable time in history, due to the changing status of minorities in the culture at this time due to the end of the Civil War and the impending revolution for women’s rights with the passage of the 19th amendment. Dating as far back as the early 1800's women’s roles were consistently being challenged and questioned, it was not so much the women’s rights marches of the 60's but it was the beginning of that revolution. During the early part of the 19th century women’s character was separated with four basic attributes: piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. Even the foreign visitors to America during this period found fault in American male’s attitude towards women, they thought males treated women as inferiors and subjected women to double standards. "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law; that is, the very being and legal existence of the woman is suspended during marriage." This is according to a 1765 law established by Sir William Blackstone...
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...The Empowering 19th Amendment by Chris Shively The 19th Amendment was not only an amendment that allowed women the right to vote, but was also a major milestone in the history of the United States itself. Leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized many of the parades, protests, and demonstrations across the nation to bring attention to the issue. The suffragists, advocates of the voting rights for women, made several sacrifices and the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment resulted in progress to America, one of which is educating new American citizens on the importance of this amendment. The suffragist movement has a long history and included many sacrifices. Beginning in New York, with the Seneca Falls convention in 1848, women rallied for the right to vote. Twenty-one years later, few state constitutions allowed women the right to vote. However, women wanted it written in the U.S. Constitution. So in 1869, Anthony and Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. Two years later, in 1871, a petition signed by Anthony, Stanton, along with four other suffragists, was sent to Congress asking that voting rights be given to women. The petition also asked that women be given the right to speak in Congress. The petition noted that, “Men are represented on the floor of Congress and so may be said to be heard there. Women are allowed no vote and therefore no representation cannot truly be heard except as Congress shall open its doors to...
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...School Prayer The issue of school prayer has invoked great controversy in our society. Some people feel that school prayer should be brought back into schools and practiced as part of the education process. The Supreme Court has continually denied allowing prayer to seep into the public school systems. Through years of controversy, many states started to adopt the “moment of silence” which was an attempt to bring back prayer in our schools. However, the school officials cannot suggest or have the kids pray, even though its true aim is clear, to encourage students to pray. Because of the “moment of silence,” there has finally been a neutral act to encourage prayer. There is a one sided claim that a mandated moment of silence in public classrooms amounts to an unconstitutional attempt to establish religion. The “moment of silence” is Constitutional, and a great way to encourage prayer for our students. Rufus Goodwin stated, “Praying, like poetry, is an activity that activates the human being.” In other words, prayer is a personal experience and intimate connection with our Father. People pray for several reasons such as personal benefit or for the sake of others. Prayers can consist of requesting guidance and assistance, confessing sins, or to express one’s thoughts and emotions (Goodwin R.). Why wouldn’t this intimate act with our Creator be an important part of the student’s day? Moments of silence often last one minute, but other amounts of time may be chosen. Sometimes...
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...in the early 1940s almost everyone dug wells. He noted that his father and mother would walk several miles to Songsong Village to fetch pails of water from a dug-up well that had supplied the entire village before European contact, as well as during the Spanish, German, and Japanese occupations. He described it as “fresh,” “cold,” and “sweet.” He again lamented, “Oh, how I miss those days.” Uncle Ben’s recollections raise concerns regarding the future of freshwater in the CNMI and groundwater use and management in particular. Almost four decades after the CNMI adopted its Constitution, it still does not recognize or protect traditional and customary Chamorro rights and practices specific to groundwater. As the CNMI proposes an amendment to its blood quantum requirement, it should consider more stringent protections for its groundwater so...
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...3.3 Conclusion 25 References 27 Chapter-1 1. Introduction 1.1 Understanding Power At the core of the concept of empowerment is the idea of power. The possibility of empowerment depends on two things. First, empowerment requires that power can change. If power cannot change, if it is inherent in positions or people, then empowerment is not possible, nor is empowerment conceivable in any meaningful way. In other words, if power can change, then empowerment is possible. Second, the concept of empowerment depends upon the idea that power can expand. This second point reflects our common experiences of power rather than how we think about power. To clarify these points, we first discuss what we mean by power. Power is often related to our ability to make others do what we want, regardless of their own wishes or interests (Weber, 1946). Traditional social science emphasizes power as influence and control, often...
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...The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper University of phoenix Finance and Budgeting in Justice and Security AJS/532 Matthew O’Deane November 20, 2013 The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper My paper evaluates the Social Contract Theory of John Locke, and how his principles are even within the criminal justice system, and private security situations nowadays. This paper shall also in great detail debate whether or not Locke’s’ values and beliefs pertain to criminal justice as well as private security venues. A summary will be presented to identify key dissimilarities of the social contract theories, recognize key any principles connected with Locke’s social contract theory, label how these codes are instilled within the United States Bill of Rights, recognize how these principles show within the criminal justice system and security organizations of present, and lastly define independence in regards to personal rights and proper principles, and commitments. “A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin. (2012)).” This doesn’t mean that it is a state of authorization: a citizen isn’t...
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...King Cotton It was a slogan used by southerners to support the secession of the South from the North as the money obtained from cotton export would support the Confederacy. It would also support countries such as Britain and France to support the Confederacy as opposed to the North as the economies of these countries heavily depended on the textile industry. It was a failure as other countries did not want to get into the conflict. In foreign affairs, the South had been initially confident of the power and influence of “King Cotton,” the crop that accounted for more than half the value of U.S. exports before the war. Confederates felt that the importance of cotton would force diplomatic recognition from the Federal government and European countries. Neither the commissioners sent abroad in 1861 nor the permanent envoys who replaced them were able to secure recognition from Great Britain, France, or any other European power. The South was able, however, to buy considerable war matériel and several fast ships that destroyed much Federal shipping on the high seas. South = one crop economy By 1840 - 50% of US exports was cotton / was providing 50% of the world supply / providing 75% of England’s supply 1/5 of workers tied to the textile industry but cotton also drives northern economy - needs cotton for textiles (supporting abolition and making $ off slavery). Different economies of the North and South between 1815-1861 North: Industrial Abolition slavery No need...
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...and discrimination, they continue to fight for equality and civil rights. This continued fight is one of a long past with several triumphs and tragedies all which are an integral part of history. This essay will discuss how African Americans worked to end slavery, segregation, discrimination, freedom, and isolation. It will also discuss what led to the civil right implementation and how it was executed. Equal rights for African Americans have been contentious, and fought for decades. They have fought to impede ethic discrimination, gain equal opportunity and their civil rights since slavery in the 1600s. When slavery started in 1620s, African Americans only made up about 3 to 4 percent of the population in America. Although the number grew slowly at first, by the end of the 17th century, the population of African American slave grew to well over 650,000. (Becker, 2000) In America, slave labor became the key component in agriculture and booming capitalist economy of the 17th & 18th centuries. (County, 1999) In the beginning, Africans were exchanged for food and place as “indentured servants” by the Dutch. This practice was also true for many poor Englishmen who were trader for labor for passage to America. It wasn’t until around the 1680s the conception of racial-based slave system developed. (Country, 1999) African “indentured servants” were considered more valuable then poor Englishmen. Africans were skilled laborers, experts in tropical agriculture, and...
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...Company Ed. – Edition Et. al. – Et alia e.g. – ‘Exempli gratia’ (for example) HSA – Hindu Succession Act P. – Page number SCC – Supreme Court Cases v. - versus TABLE OF CASES Dinesh Kumar Mor v Lalitya Mor. 9 Dukhi Ram v State of U.P. 12 Gantupalli Rama Subhatha v Guntu Palli Rajamma. 10 Gordhan Ram v State of Rajathan. 12 Lajpat Rai Sehgal v State. 11 M.L. Sethi v R.P. Kapur, 10 Pandurang Shivram Kawathkar v. State of Maharashtra. 11 Prema S. Rao v Yadla Srinivasa Rao 12 Rajinder Kumar v State of Haryana. 12 Sardar Harpal Singh v Balbinder Pal Kaur. 10 Satbir Singh v State of Punjab. 9 Shanti v State of Haryana 12 TABLE OF STATUTES Criminal Procedure Code 11 Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1984 8 The Andhra Pradesh Dowry...
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...The Journalists' Right to Protect News Sources Jessica L. Graham JRN 410 Journalism Law Michael Angelo May 18, 2014 The Journalists' Right to Protect News Sources The Bill of Rights, written by James Madison, was established because the America people, from the beginning, demanded assurances that their inherent freedoms would be protected. Yet, the American people have consistently disputed the extent to which the First Amendment applies. Does the freedom to report the news also include the freedom to gather it and protect the source of their information? Laws will consistently attempt a compromise to initiate equilibrium but it is absurd to assume any law will give 100 percent protection. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances,” − The First Amendment to the United States Constitution (Bill of Rights Transcript Text, n.d.). The Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics states sources should be identified whenever possible and it is very important his or her motives are clarified before publication of the material. A journalist should also confirm and attribute the information of the source before relying on the information (Society of Professional Journalists, 1996-2010). Confidential sources should only be used as...
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...Senior Research Project: Is the right to bear arms ethical? Lucas Van Duyn Senior Seminar: Business Ethics Dr. Jewe July 31, 2012 Introduction to the Project: In the United States, research into firearms and violent crime is fraught with difficulties, associated with limited data on gun ownership and use, firearms markets, and aggregation of crime data. Research studies into gun violence have primarily taken one of two approaches: case-control studies and social ecology. Gun ownership is usually determined through surveys, proxy variables, and sometimes with production and import figures. In statistical analysis of homicides and other types of crime, which are rare events, these data tend to have poison distributions, which also presents methodological challenges to researchers. (Just Facts, 2010) Americans own an estimated 270 million firearms, approximately 90 guns for every 100 people. In 2009, guns took the lives of 31,347 Americans in homicides, suicides and unintentional shootings. This is the equivalent of more than 85 deaths each day and more than three deaths each hour. 66,769 Americans were treated in hospital emergency departments for non-fatal gunshot wounds in 2009. Firearms were the third-leading cause of injury-related deaths nationwide in 2009, following poisoning and motor vehicle accidents. Between 1955 and 1975, the Vietnam War killed over 58,000 American soldiers – less than the number of civilians killed with guns in the U.S. in an average...
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...organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e.constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a writtenconstitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Conventionof 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation,[5] while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution, at 7 articles and 27 amendments.[6] Constitution of the Philippines From Wikipedia...
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