1. What causes the Bohr effect and give an example in which this occurs?
-Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to produce carbonic acid, which releases hydrogen ions to make bicarbonate and so the carbon dioxide or the hydrogen ions, which cause a lowered pH will stimulate the Bohr effect. Why would you want to disassociate oxygen from hemoglobin and when does this happen? It happens when climbing a mountain or exercising. Your muscled produce more carbon dioxide that cause dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin to give those muscles more oxygen. (Important principal: Just because oxygen goes up does not mean carbon dioxide goes up) 2. Describe a situation and stimulus that would cause you to increase your respiration that is to hyperventilate.
-Exercise will cause to hyperventilate. CO2 increases and this is the primary O2 drive. There are central and peripheral chemoreceptors that respond to CO2. The pH goes down. H+ ions increases. The signal then goes to brain. But what part? The medulla. 3. What kind of muscles are responsible for respiration?
-Diaphragm which are smooth muscles and voluntary muscles. Does the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system play a role in respiration? Yes, the fight or flight. It is mediated through the hypothalamus. 4. What autonomic nerve innervates the lungs?
-Vagus, which is a sympathetic cranial nerve. It doesn’t control the muscles so what does it do? It is responsible for sending irritants and is a afferent part of respiration. 5. Boyle’s law is an important aspect of respiration and describe how it relates to it.
-Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional. If the volume increase the pressure decrease and vice versa. It is directly related to ventilation. Volume changes first because of muscle contraction and then the pressure changes. 6. What