ITM PRESENTATION
(FOR SECTION “A”)
WIRELESS NETWORK
TECHNOLOGY

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF:-
PROF. SANCHITA GHATAK

SUBMMITED BY:-
ABHINAV KUMAR
AKSHAY KUMAR
ANKIT KUMAR
AVI SHANKAR
Contents
WI-FI 4 Introduction 4 The Wi-Fi Technology 4 Elements of a WI-FI Network 5 How a Wi-Fi Network Works 6 Wi-Fi Network Topologies 6 Wi-Fi Security Threats 8 Eavesdropping 8 Man-in-the-middle attacks 8 Denial of Service 9 Wi-Fi Applications 9 Advantages 9 Limitations 9 Bluetooth 10 Introduction 10 Applications 10 Advantages 12 Disadvantages 12 ZigBee 13 INTRODUCTION 13 Working of zigbee 13 Network Devices of Zig Bee Technology: 14 Zig bee Coordinator: 15 Zig bee Router: 15 Zig bee End Device: 15 Wimax 16 INTRODUCTION 16 Advantages Of Wimax Technology 16 Disadvantages of Wimax Technology 17 Practical Usage of WiMAX 17 CONCLUSION 18

TABLE OF FIGURES……………………………

Figure 1 7 Figure 2 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 4 11 Figure 5 14

WI-FI
Introduction
Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology, which is commonly used, for connecting devices in wireless mode. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other, to the internet and to the wired network.

The Wi-Fi Technology
Wi-Fi Networks use Radio Technologies to transmit & receive data at high speed:
1)IEEE 802.11b
Appear in late 1999
Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum
11 Mbps (theoretical speed) - within 30 m Range
4-6 Mbps (actual speed)
100 -150 feet range
Most popular, Least Expensive
Interference from mobile phones and Bluetooth devices which can reduce the transmission speed.

2)IEEE 802.11a
Introduced in 2001
Operates at 5 GHz (less popular)
54 Mbps (theoretical speed)
15-20 Mbps (Actual speed)
50-75 feet range
More expensive
3)IEEE 802.11
Introduced in 2003
Combine the feature of both standards (1,2)
100-150 feet range
54 Mbps Speed
2.4 GHz radio frequencies
Elements of a WI-FI Network * Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or “base station” that can connect one or many wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet. * Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and relay information. They can be internal and external.(e.g. PCMCIA Card for Laptop and PCI Card for Desktop PC) * Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect networks from uninvited users and keep information secure.

How a Wi-Fi Network Works
Basic concept is same as Walkie talkies.
A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an internet connection.
An access point acts as a base station.
When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the device can then connect to that network wirelessly.
A single access point can support up to 30 users and can function within a range of 100 – 150 feet indoors and up to 300 feet outdoors.
Many access points can be connected to each other via Ethernet cables to create a single large network.

Wi-Fi Network Topologies
1)AP-based topology * The client communicate through Access Point. * BSA-RF coverage provided by an AP. * ESA-It consists of 2 or more BSA. * ESA cell includes 10-15% overlap to allow roaming.

Figure [ 1 ]
2)Peer-to-peer topology * Access Point is not required. * Client devices within a cell can communicate directly with each other. * It is useful for setting up of a wireless network quickly and easily.

Figure [ 2 ]
3)Point-to-multipoint bridge topology
This is used to connect a LAN in one building to a LANs in other buildings even if the buildings are miles apart. These conditions receive a clear line of sight between buildings. The line-of-sight range varies based on the type of wireless bridge and antenna used as well as the environmental conditions.

Figure [ 3 ]
Wi-Fi Security Threats
Wireless technology doesn’t remove any old security issues, but introduces new ones
Eavesdropping
Easy to perform, almost impossible to detect.By default, everything is transmitted in clear text....
Usernames, passwords, content etc.No security offered by the transmission medium
Different tools available on the internet
Network sniffers, protocol analysers,Password collectors
With the right equipment, it’s possible to eavesdrop traffic from few kilometers away
Man-in-the-middle attacks
Attacker spoofes a disassociate message from the victim
The victim starts to look for a new access point, and the attacker advertises his own AP on a different channel, using the real AP’s address.The attacker connects to the real AP using victim’s address
Denial of Service Attack on transmission frequecy used Frequency jamming Not very technical, but works Attacks on higher layer protocol (IP protocol)
Wi-Fi Applications * Home * Small Businesses or SOHO * Large Corporations & Campuses * Health Care * Wireless ISP (WISP) * Travellers
Advantages
* Mobility * Ease of Installation * Flexibility * Cost * Reliability * Security * Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum * Roaming Limitations * Interference * Degradation in performance * High power consumption * Limited range
Bluetooth
Introduction Bluetooth is a short-range and low power wireless technology originally developed for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs).
Short-range radio frequency technology that operates at 2.4 GHz on an unlicensed Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band.
Effective range of Bluetooth devices is 10 meters.
Communicates at speeds of up to 1Mbps.
It was originally conceived as a cable replacement technology.

Applications * Mobiles
Virtually all mobile phones today include Bluetooth technology, allowing people to work with hands-free calling systems in the car, headsets, stereo headphones, wireless speakers, and a huge array of other Bluetooth enabled devices. * PC and Peripherals
The explosion in tablet sales and continued growth in laptop sales is sparking demand for more Bluetooth enabled keyboards, speakers, stereo headphones, and other wireless computer accessories.

Figure [ 4 ] * Automotive Market
The automotive industry is one of the fastest growing markets for Bluetooth technology, with Bluetooth enabled handsfree calling systems now included as standard equipment on millions of new cars. * Health and Wellness
Some of the many Bluetooth enabled health and wellness devices already on the market include wireless blood glucose monitors, heart rate monitors and weight scales. These devices are making it easier than ever to collect vital health information about people with a wide variety of medical conditions – even allowing healthcare providers to monitor patients while they're at home or on the go.

Advantages
Eliminates wires
Facilitates Data and Voice Communication
Free of charge
Easy to use
Consumes low power
Bluetooth does not requires a line of sight
2.4 GHz radio frequency ensures worldwide operability
Disadvantages
Relatively short range
Less secure
Interference with other devices
Mediocre Data transfer rates
Bluetooth internet connection gets slow sometimes

ZigBee
INTRODUCTION
Named after erratic, zig-zagging patterns of bees between the flowers. ZigBee is a standard that defines a set of communication protocols for low-data-rate Short-range wireless networking. Communication Protocol is a description of set of procedures to be followed when communicating.
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard. IEEE standard 802.15.4 intends to offer the fundamental lower network layers of a type of wireless personal area network (WPAN) which focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices . The emphasis is on very low cost communication of nearby devices.
Working of zigbee
The ZigBee logical device type distinguishes the physical device types (RFD or FFD) deployed in a specific ZigBee network. The logical device types are ZigBee coordinators, ZigBee routers, and ZigBee end devices. The ZigBee coordinator initializes a network, manages network nodes, and stores network node information. The ZigBee router participates in the network by routing messages between paired nodes. The ZigBee end device acts as a leaf node in the network and can be an RFD or FFD. ZigBee application device types distinguish the type of device from an end-user perspective as specified by the application profiles.

ZigBee networks consist of multiple traffic types with their own unique characteristics, including periodic data, intermittent data, and repetitive low latency data. The characteristics of each are as follows: * Periodic data is usually defined by the application such as a wireless sensor or meter. You would typically handle data using a beaconing system where the sensor wakes up and checks for the beacon, exchanges data, and goes to sleep. * Intermittent data is either application- or external stimulus-defined, such as a wireless light switch. You can handle data in a beaconless system or a disconnected operation. * Repetitive low latency data uses time slot allocations, such as a security system. These applications may use the guaranteed time slot (GTS) capability.

Network Devices of Zig Bee Technology:

There are three main devices of this technology which are used in networking 1. Zig bee Coordinator. 2. Zig bee Router. 3. Zig bee End device. Figure [ 5 ]

Zig bee Coordinator:

The very important device of Zig bee technology is the Zig bee coordinator which is required to form the base or ground of the network tree and also built links to other networks. There is only one coordinator in the case of one network. This device is able to store the information about the network and it is responsible for security keys. It is denoted by (ZC). Zig bee Router:

The second device of Zig bee technology is Zig bee router which acts as an in between device executing the application function and also useful for delivering the data from one to another system. It is denoted by (ZR). Zig bee End Device:

It is a part of Zig bee which contains enough functions to talk to the parent node as compared to the coordinator and the router. It is unable to relay the data from other devices. This relationship allows the node a significant amount of time for asleep, for that reason the battery of Zig bee device is long as compared to other remote devices. It is denoted by (ZED) and it can be less expensive to manufacture ZED as compared to ZR or ZC.

Wimax
INTRODUCTION
Wimax technology is a telecommunications technology that offers transmission of wireless data via a number of transmission methods; such as portable or fully mobile internet access via point to multipoints links. The Wimax technology offers around 72 Mega Bits per second without any need for the cable infrastructure. Wimax technology is based on Standard that is IEEE 802.16, it usually also called as Broadband Wireless Access.
Advantages Of Wimax Technology Wimax Coverage : The single station of Wimax can operate and provide coverage for hundred of users at a time and manage sending and receiving of data at very high speed with full of network security.
Multi-functionality within Wimax Technology : Wimax Technology perform a variety of task at a time such as offering high speed internet, providing telephone service, transformation of data, video streaming, voice application etc.
Ultra wide Band : The unique and excellent infrastructure of Wimax is offering Ultra-Wideband. Its exclusive design is providing range from 2 to 10 GHz and outstanding time response.
Wimax, cheap network : Wimax is a well known wireless network now days because it provide a low cost network substitute to internet services offered via ADSL, modem or local area network.

Disadvantages of Wimax Technology
Lack of Quality: The Wimax network has lack of quality service because there are hundreds of people trying to get access at the same tower so due to heavy traffic it is very hard to maintain high quality.
Bad Weather: The quality of services decreases in rainy season because the weather condition could interrupt the signal which may cause of bad signal and broadcasting may be stop or interrupted.
Power consuming: Wimax network is very heavy in structure therefore need much electrical support for running the overall network.
Expensive network : The most disadvantage of Wimax is its installation and operational cost.
Practical Usage of WiMAX
CCTV Surveillance: Wimax Services facilitate you with security cameras through which you can secure your business such as colleges, school, offices, shopping mall, jewellary shops, mobile shops etc. Home Automation:Wimax services offering home automations such as home theatre technology which enable you to get full cinema experience with plasma screen, high quality sound, best quality DVD player and recorder.
Access Control:The Access control system presented by Wimax services permit the flow of personal data into a site and encrypted unwanted visitors to save your data. Wimax services are providing a range of access control system such as pin codes, swipe card and proxy readers.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the simple to use Wireless technology is finding a wide range of applications in various fields and is revolutionizing wireless communication. Both technology and skills goes hand-in-hand, those who can design better architecture of networks can lead wireless networks. Wireless fidelity, Bluetooth, Wimax is common now. We are expecting more on this technology in future. Let’s hope for that…