...The Purpose of Physiology • What is the evolutionary goal of every biological organism? Reproduction. • What must every organism do to accomplish this goal? Survive. • How do organisms maximize their chances of survival? Maintain homoeostasis. Homeostasis • Every physiological system is aimed at preserving one thing: Homeostasis. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal environment. Why homeostasis? Entropy: The tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity. Homeostasis: The tendency of biology to fight entropy to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. How is homeostasis maintained? Energy needs to be added to the system. What does that energy do? It fuels physiological machines that are built to keep aspects of the body constant. Maintenance = Homeostasis Maintenance Physiology How is homeostasis maintained? Control theory: A control center senses when an physiological condition is out of balance and stimulates an effector organ to return the condition to the normal, optimal level. Homeostasis: Recap Why maintain homeostasis? To preserve physiological function, in order to increase survivorship, in order to increase reproductive fitness… Evolution Shapes Physiology • Evolution is itself a process that allows populations of organisms to adapt to their environments. Evolution and Genetics • Evolution is defined as: changes...
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...information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.[1][2][3] It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves, without input of energy,[4] across...
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...Characteristics of Life #1 Made of 1 or more cells: -cells are the smallest units of life -ex: bacteria (1 cell) -ex: humans (trillions of cells) Characteristics of Life #2 Reproduction: -reproduce and pass on genetic material to next generation Characteristics of Life #3 Maintain homeostasis (balance): -homeostasis: balance with organism -ex: regulating body temerature Characteristics of Life #4 Require energy: -cells require energy to carry out their functions & life processes Characteristics of Life #5 Adjustment to Environment: -ability to detect and respond to stimuli -ex: plants growing towards light Characteristics of Life #6 Adaptation and Evolution: -occurs at the POPULATION level -adaptation: traits that increase the chance for survival and reproduction -evoltion: the change in species over time Water structure 2 Hydrogen (H) and 1 Oxygen (O) (H2O) Characteristics of water -water is POLAR -opposite ends of a molecule have opposite charges - H+, O- Polarity and Hydrogen bonds -H+ attracts to O- and forms a hydrogen bond between water molecules -polarity and H-bonding are the reason why water has all of its special characteristics that support life! Cohesion -same type of molecules sticking together (water to water) -ex: water molecules forming a lake Adhesion -two different molecules sticking together (water to something else) -ex: water sticking to grass...
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...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
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...the difference between a hypothesis, a theory and an opinion? 4. What is homeostasis? 5. Be able to summarize the basic idea represented by each of the 10 majors themes that form the cornerstones for understanding Biology. Be able to provide an example for each of these. The Chemistry of Life: 1. If you were probing for life on a distant planet, what could you look for to determine whether it was even possible for life to exist, or to have existed, there. Why is each of things you’ve identified important to life. 2. Review the definition of an atom. What is meant by the idea that it is “the smallest unit of a pure substance that retains properties of that substance”? 3. Understand the nature and arrangement of the subatomic structure of atoms. Where are the subatomic particles found? 4. Why are we concerned about whether atoms are reactive or not? 5. What determines whether a particular element (type of atom) is reactive? 6. Understand the difference between inert elements and those that are reactive and capable of forming chemical bonds. What is the significance of the valance shell of electrons? 7. Why do atoms seek to form bonds with other atoms? How does this correlate with their stability? 8. Understand the nature of ions and ionic bonds. Why is sodium able to ionize, whereas carbon cannot? 9. Why are sodium atoms usually found as positive ions? Why does chlorine ionize to become a negatively charged chloride ion? 10. Understand...
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...Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care. Name: Fatimah Al_Asadi Teacher name: Miss Bull Name: Fatimah Al_Asadi Teacher name: Miss Bull Aim and purpose This unit aims to enable learners to understand aspects of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a...
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...SOA________ Subjective Data: 1. Pt. states, ”I can’t get my breath”.Objective Data (Head to Toe Assessment including Vital Signs): 1. Respiratory rate 32, B/P 102/60, Temp 101.0, AHR 104. 2. Oxygen saturation 88% on room air. 3. BLE crackles 4. Accessory muscle use. | Nursing Diagnosis: Breathing Pattern, Ineffective | Patient Goals/Objectives (What do you hope will be the result of your efforts? Make sure goal is patient oriented, measurable, and has a time frame). | Planned Interventions: (What is indicated for the management of this particular problem? Name three priority interventions making at least one patient teaching). | Rationale: (Why/How does the intervention work?) Cite page number and source for each intervention. | Evaluation of Patient Goals:(Was patient’s goal met/ not met/ ongoing? Why/why not? List evaluation criteria. If intervention is ongoing, list what patient has accomplished. | Short Term: Within three days: 1. Patient will state relief of SOA. 2. RR will return to within normal limits of 12 to 18 rpm. 3. Oxygen saturation will return to normal expected range of greater than or equal to 90% on room air | 1. Place patient on O2 @ 2lpm/nc. 2. Place patient on oxygen saturation 3. CXR 4. Teach patient to use the incentive spirometer to increase available lung capacity. | 1. This will increase the available oxygen in the patient’s blood. 2. This will monitor the amount of oxygen within the red blood cells within the patient’s...
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...The occurrence of the SIRT1-KI allele consequence in several stimulating phenotype, which are strong, levels in a diverse genetic background. First, transgenic mice are thinner and also have inferior levels of adipokines shaped. Second, they are exhibition lower stage of blood cholesterol. Third, they are show improved glucose homeostasis, as designated by a decrease in blood insulin and glucose levels. Finally, SIRT1-KI mice are additional metabolically lively, that is, they eat additional and show higher oxygen ingesting normalized per body weight. The circumstance that certain SIRT1-KI metabolic and organismal phenotypes summarize certain aspects of CR is reliable with the idea that SIRT1 is a significant mediator of CR and beginning of this sirtuin, which is experimental in several tissues of CR animals. This is causally related by, at smallest, certain of the encouraged physiological...
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...gave me a great deal of knowledge that I obtained in the classroom. The experience listening to the speaker reinforced the learning from the class because everything that was shared we discussed in class. The first day of class we discussed the reasons why some individuals may turn to alcohol. Many members of the group had similar experiences which caused them to drink (stress, peer pressure, low self-esteem, etc…). Because we studied the seven dimensions of addictions when the members of the group started to share their experiences I was able to recognize the patterns (use, problems, physical adaption, behavioral dependence, medical harm, cognitive impairment, and motivation for change). All seven stages were discussed in the group. Though I never had an alcohol problem , just from attending the meeting and listening to everything that has been said, I can only imagine what these individuals experienced. “The concept of addiction has expanded to describe so many behaviors that it has almost lost its meaning. Something...
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...Environmental Toxin Essay Carbon is the spine on which all life is supported and is easily one of the most abundant and versatile elements in existence. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the human body, second only to oxygen; without it, neither humans, nor any other living thing could exist. Every living thing is dependent on carbon, so why is it that the difference of one little molecule of oxygen can be so deadly? If carbon dioxide is being expelled from our bodies twenty four hours a day, why is it that carbon monoxide can literally take us out of the rat race? Is that one little oxygen molecule really that important? You can bet your grandmother's nickers it is. Carbon dioxide is the natural bi product of human respiration and although prolonged exposure or inhalation can be harmful, it is rarely fatal; while carbon monoxide results from an incomplete combustion of carbon based matter due to an inadequate supply of oxygen (Prockop, Chichkova). Carbon monoxide is known as the silent assassin; it is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and for a while after exposure it will not be irritating. The gas is readily inhaled, just as any other gas and unless you are in the presence of some method of detecting it, you would never know it was there. As little as 50 parts per million of carbon monoxide is toxic to humans, but significant exposure can be fatal and the symptoms associated with carbon monoxide poisoning arise after a decent amount of exposure and time...
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...pressure or stress on the bladder. Stress incontinence is also the most frequent for of incontinence and is most frequent in women, especially those who are past menopause. (Blaivas) It is reported that stress incontinence is more frequent in women because of the female anatomy, and the pelvic muscles weaken with age as well as childbirth because it places burden on the muscles. Even though it is more prone in women, male incontinence also occurs and is primarily caused in response to blockage in the prostate or after prostate surgery. To better understand urinary stress incontinence, it is important to understand the vital organs that are in the urinary system, such as: two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra. The urinary system is responsible in helping the body get rid of wastes and excess water in the form of urine, which is a vital part of maintaining homeostasis within the body. The urinary organs also help transport the urine, or store it and released until it is time for one to micturate. The kidneys are responsible for filtering and cleaning the body’s blood of wastes and remove...
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...The structure and function of the respiratory system is vital in terms of keeping one’s body healthy. Arguably, the respiratory system is one of the more important systems in the human body, because it allows breathing (the process of inhalation and expiration) to happen, thereby allowing bodily functions to happen. Although one doesn’t think about breathing to often; breathing in some circumstances is normally unconscious effort, it’s a joint accomplishment between the structures of various organs in the respiratory system to maximize efficiency, thereby health in the body. Breathing is a combination of various structures, tissues, organs, around the thorax (a section of area between the neck and the abdomen), working harmoniously, and in conjunction...
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...final Submission: | |Social Care Organisation |P1013160 |02 August 2014 | |Assessors: Physiology teaching team. |Internal Verifier Name: Mr Hasa Ram | Human body contains 10 major systems which are responsible of correct function of the body where, the systems are supported by organs which help them to work in perfect harmony. LO1 1.1 Circulatory system: This system is supported by a system of tubes in major organs like heart, lymphatic, blood and blood vessels, by them the body receives all-important ingredients throughout the body and back again. Respiratory system: Is a breathing system where the lungs, diaphragm and airways play the main role in body. The supply of oxygen is transported to the body by breathing in and out and facilitating gas exchange. Digestive system: In this system body stimulate reaction in physical and chemical process to break down the food. Organs helping to achieve it are called mouth, salivary glands, intestines and stomach. Complex molecules are absorbed through the bloodstream to be used in respiration, energy and raw materials and the waste is eliminated through the anus. Urinary system: Removes all waste in liquid form, from the blood and the body waist products. Maintain...
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... Digestive breaks down food for enery. 2. Compare and contrast how positive and negative feedback mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis. Use these concepts to describe: * The maintenance of blood glucose levels When there is too much glucose in the body, insulin us used to bring it back to the normal level. This uses negative feedback because it is bringing the blood glucose levels back to normal. * The release of platelets to form blood clots. The first platelets will bind to the area of the wound and will release a signal that recruits more platelets tot come to the site. This is an example of positive feedback- the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. 3. What does it mean if an organism is an ectotherm? Endotherm? Give an example of each. An ectotherm does not regulate its own temp and depend on the envirmental temp. and endortherm can control its temp. 4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern? It takes longer to digest plants because of the cell wall. Thus there needs to be a longer digestive tracks so that herbivores can get all the nutrients that need foe their body. 5. Why do strict vegetarians (vegans) have to be more careful of their choices of food than do vegetarians that also eat cheese, eggs, and dairy...
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...Biol 121 lecture introduction 23rd feb : Pass program Little groups * Learning notes topics discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that...
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