...Definition of poverty CHUPICAL SHOLLAH MANUEL Poverty as a phenomenon is very elusive to define and is rather multidimensional and a contested concept whose definition is influenced by the contexts in which it exists. The concept has both a relative an absolute measure. The dominant Western definition since World War II has defined poverty in monetary terms, using levels of income or consumption to measure poverty (Grusky and Kanbur, 2006: 11) and defining the poor by a headcount of those who fall below a given income/consumption level or ‘poverty line’ (Lipton and Ravallion, 1993: 1 in Handley et al., 2009). Multidimensional definitions acknowledge that poverty is also defined by a sense of helplessness, dependence and lack of opportunities, self-confidence and self-respect on the part of the poor. (Narayan et al., 2000). Sen (1999) defines poverty as lack of freedom while another dimension view it as interlinked forms of deprivation in the economic, human, political, sociocultural and protective spheres (OECD, 2006).This essay discusses the issue of poverty in Africa from colonial period to present day. The paper also analyses the causes of poverty since colonial era, the poverty alleviation strategies adopted to deal with poverty and propose possible solutions for poverty alleviation. A plethora of case studies will be drawn from several countries to substantiate the claims and insights provides in this paper. 2.0 Poverty, colonialism and Colonial Legacy Poverty is attributed...
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... Unit 8 project part 4: First draft final paper composition 2 graded assignment This paper explores four publish articles that report on result from research conducted on mechanisms used by states to provide income based property tax relief, commonly called circuit-breakers. The articles, however, vary in their definitions uses of these mechanisms provide property tax relief to overburdened taxpayers. This paper examines issues in circuit breaker program administration are also considered. Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of tax relationships focusing on the level of poverty in the economy, closeness, property tax relief provided to households based on income. To understand how both the government think of income tax and what the economy thinks about income tax and the relationship are affected are the more common names used. What the government thinks of the income tax the government support the economy on what the people think on how to make life easier and relax life. The government point of view is the fact they provide anti-poverty measure, including food stamps, the Earned Income Tax Credit and unemployment insurance, from the money used on the income tax. What the economy thinks on income most low income parent depend on their monthly work check to provide for their children’s and when the government take half the money away parents get worried on how they going to meet dead line end on rent and etc. The government thinks if erasing...
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...Globalization of Markets: Global Market and its impacts on developing countries – the case of tourism industry in Vietnam Introduction Globalization is more and more concerned by people all around the world. As globalization is inevitable, In fact, globalization is not a new phenomenon in human history. In the academic field, the term “global This paper is aimed at providing Vietnamese marketing personnel a practically good source of analysis and theoretical base to help them survive in the increasingly competitive global market. Discussions of findings 1. Literature review The so-called global market is, in fact, not new in the world history. As examined by Giovanni (1999), global market has developed through 3 stages. The first stage was under the British hegemony which came into existence in the second half of the nineteenth century through the extension of the industrial revolution to long-distance transport and communication. Thirty years after the industrial revolution began; the rapid development of railways and steamships was forming the world into a single interacting economy as never before. The most remote parts of the world began to be linked together by means of communication which had no precedent for regularity, for the capacity to transport vast quantities of goods and numbers of people, and above all, for speed (Hobsbawm, 1979 cited in Giovanni, 1999). With this advanced system of transportation and communication, world trade expanded at unprecedented...
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...The effects of poverty The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do children who grow up under better financial circumstances. * Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday. * Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function. Levels of stress in the family have also been shown to correlate with economic circumstances. Studies during economic recessions indicate that job loss and subsequent poverty are associated with violence in families, including child and elder abuse. Poor families experience much more stress than middle-class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events and “bad luck,” including illness, depression, eviction, job loss, criminal victimization, and family death. Parents who experience hard economic times may become excessively punitive and erratic, issuing demands backed by insults, threats, and...
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...begin to stand up but before you can start for the kitchen a commercial catches your attention. “Start your new life today!” You have seen it many times before but for some reason it hits you differently tonight, “begin classes now…” you stand frozen by the words for a moment, considering the possibilities before it hits you, “It could never happen.” You think to yourself. “We both work so much and we can barely pay the bills as it is; and what about the kids? We can’t afford daycare and definitely not if I cut my hours to go to school.” All the sudden you feel stuck, you look at your children asleep on the couch, you want better for them, better for yourself, but how? Where do you start? This is a picture painted in the hues of poverty, lack of education and despair; a picture painted all too often on the canvas that is our great country. Americans stuck in the grind, not a clue as to how...
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...Sentence Once into adulthood, victims of child abuse search for some form of coping mechanisms to forget or mask the trauma and the pain of child abuse. According to Shub & Cabrera (2011) “Every week 60,000 cases of child abuse or neglect are reported in the United States, and 3 million reports of child abuse or neglect are being filed every year” (p.1). Approximately 50% of child victims abuse drugs or alcohol. (Shub & Cabrer, 2011). The abuse often stems from a response to guilt or a negative self-image. Although as serious as child neglect is, physical abuse more often will result in the abuse of drugs or alcohol. Poverty, social inadequacies and lack of academic achievement all lead to the probability of an adult survivor turning to drugs and alcohol as a way to relieve their internal turmoil. Adult survivors that suffered poverty in their childhood struggle financially due to inadequate resources to obtain quality education. They also have a lack of adequate housing or access to nutritional food. These all increase the odds of the survivor turning to substance abuse. People who are abused often are unable to fit comfortably into any social setting. Because of their insecurities and their uneasiness, it is easier for them to cope when they become intoxicated or high. It bolsters confidence and gives them a false sense of confidence. However, for some, this is the only way that they can interact socially. While abusers either ignore or pay an inordinate...
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...Literary Research Report: Without A Home “Being homeless is probably the only thing I’ve ever been good at” (Alexie 1). The sad truth in the matter is that some people do not function well in society. In the short story by Sherman Alexie, “What You Pawn I Will Redeem” the reader gets to learn what one old homeless Native American man does in a twenty four hour period. Of course, people become homeless for a multitude of reasons, which we will explore further in this paper. Homelessness can be caused by many factors including addiction, domestic violence, family conflicts (particularly runaway youth), unemployment, post traumatic stress, and mental illness (Portland Mental Rescue Mission). Although these factors are certainly reasons for...
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...Abstract This research paper describes how poverty influences the lives of children and adolescents. Poverty is viewed as major environmental influence that impacts the opportunities and life chances of children. Young people growing up in poverty may feel justified in engaging in risky behaviors. The research shows how poverty has an effect on parenting, housing, food, health, mental well being, and education. Despite government programs that help many, the author of this paper views economic inequality as a major cause of the problems facing poverty and our nation. Poverty has a major influence on the day-to-day lives of children. It also places young people at risk for poor outcomes in life. At Risk Youth (McWhirter, McWhirter, McWhirter, & McWhirter, 2013, p. 29-39) discusses the economic trend of poverty as one of the major environmental influences placing young people at risk. When one understands the problems of poverty, one begins to understand the people affected much better. McWhirter et al., (2013) presents several “types” of families that may live in poverty. These include the working poor families, vulnerable and underserved families, young single mother families, and homeless families. One interesting concept that the book discusses is social comparisons. Today poor people are faced with constant reminders of their lack of money. By watching television shows that popularize the lives of “the rich and famous” and by seeing the income earned...
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...RESEARCH PROJECT BY NAME : NEKWAYA JOHANNA J. STUDENT NUMBER : 200820079 MODE OF STUDY : FULL-TIME COURSE : B.TECH. ECONOMICS CONTACT NUMBER : 0813230120 SUPERVISOR : MR. E. TATE SHIPANGA TOPIC: THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON NAMIBIAN ECONOMY, CASE STUDY IN KATUTURA | DECLARATION After completing this project I Johanna Jepekano Nekwaya, I am declaring that this project its my own work except chapter 2 which is the review of the previous study. No part of this publication may be reproduced, mechanical photocopying, recordings or otherwise, without prior permission of the author. Signature Date …………………….. ……………… DEDICATION This project is lovely dedicated to my mother Olivia Haipinge who has been my constant source of inspirations. She has given me the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without her love and support this project would not been made possible. APPROVAL Author : ………………………….. Date ………………................ Supervisor : ………………………….. Date ……………………….... Moderator : ………………………….. Date ………………………… HOD : ………………………….. Date ………………………… ACKNWLEDGEMENT First of all I want to thank God the Almighty for bringing me this far. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr. Eden Tate Shipanga for guidance, advice, and for kindly using his time to make this project a reality, to Dr. Cyril A Ogkobor and Mr. Ben Obabueki for your encouragement and support, may God bless you all. ABSTRACT Poverty...
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...Necessity knows no law. Bần cùng sinh đạo tặc. In December 2008, just a few months after the U.S. financial system imploded, New York City was hit by a flurry of bank robberies. On the Monday before New Year’s, four banks were attacked in an hour-and-a-half; one daytime raid took place just steps from the Lincoln Center in downtown Manhattan. The week before, San Diego had seen four bank holdups in a single day. Criminologists wondered if the holiday spree was the first sign of a looming crime wave in recession-battered America. Take an uptick in poverty and economic misery, toss in budget cuts to police departments across the country, and that should be a blueprint for chaos—right? Except, as it turns out, the exact opposite occurred. According to FBI statistics, crime rates went down across the board in 2009. Way down. Murder, rape, robbery, assault, auto theft—plummeted, one and all. Then, this week, the FBI released preliminary data for the first six months of 2010, and again the same pattern emerged. Violent crimes and property crimes alike have been falling in every region of the country. What gives? Have experts just completely misunderstood what causes people to commit crimes? There's certainly no shortage of theories for why crime rates have gone down over the past two years. The simplest is that crime just isn’t closely related to economic conditions. Consider, after all, the two big crime epidemics in the twentieth century—the first took root in the late 1960s...
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...racial disproportionality within the criminal Justice system. By definition, racism is the perception that inherent differences between various racial groups consequently lead to the superiority of certain races and discrimination of other groups. This is the perception that great men such as Booker. T. Washington, as well as Martin Luther King, fought against during the 1960’s in a bid to end racism. For years these men under the African- American Civil Rights movement advocated for equality for all leading to the ‘end’ of racist perceptions. Today, the belief that their efforts halted racism stands to be questioned, on further examination of this subject it is eminent that racism is still existent in the twenty- first century. Racism has simply found ways of adapting to our daily activities thus dodging the common eye. To achieve this, racism has gradually encroached into fields such as education where coloured students experience disproportionality in disciplinary measures and in the criminal justice system where African Americans are inevitably the victims of the criminal justice system. This paper thus seeks to succinctly discuss the...
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...Teen Pregnancy, Whose Problem is it? Name Ashford University Social Problems SOC 203 Gina Rollings March 11, 2013 . When a teenage girl becomes pregnant she faces many stresses during her pregnancy. Things like depression, shame, guilt, and fear set in (Meyerhoff, 2006). These things are difficult for adults to deal with let alone for a young girl who is pregnant. Fear of the future comes into play. These girls do not know what to do, what they are going to do, or where to start. Many of them feel as though they now have to put their lives on hold, change their goals, and learn how to juggle school and motherhood. Many teenage mothers also face depression, both before and after the baby are born; interactions with a depressed mother can make children more susceptible to mental health problems. Many teenagers have limited or no support and some get thrown out of their parent’s homes with nowhere to go. The teenage mother can become very shameful and try to hide the fact that she is pregnant. During the first 3 months of pregnancy; seven out of ten teenage girls do not get prenatal care, see a doctor, or go to a clinic (Taylor, 2010, 11, 12). They are at a greater risk of getting anemia, high blood pressure, placental problems, and pregnancy induced hypertension. The mother (the teen) is not the only one who faces stresses. The baby itself can experience difficulties as well. Things like low birth weights...
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...Pierre Okpara Persuasive Paper: Raising minimum wage 3/21/15 Professor Arin Black English 102 July 24th very easily could have been the day of rejoicing for Americans around the United States thanks to the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which amended the FLSA (The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938) to increase the federal minimum wage in steps. The first increase came on July 24th, 2007 when minimum wage was increased to $5.85, then in 2008 when minimum wage rose again to $6.55, and lastly on July 24th 2009 when minimum wage was raised to its current $7.25. Instead of raising minimum wage consistently as the years before, six long years have passed since the minimum wage has risen at all in the United States and this has left Americans to have very little to rejoice about. Not only does the government owe their citizens a raise in minimum wage, but it is long overdue. Many Americans are drowning in debt but somehow find a way to enjoy their life as comfortable as possible without the help of a higher minimum wage. For many this may seem like the norm but poverty has grown ever so steadily and there has yet to be an answer for this since July 24th, 2009. Given this, I absolutely agree the minimum wage needs to be increased in order to match the rise in costs of living which, unlike minimum wage, has risen dramatically since the last time anything was done about it. To begin, I’d like to take you deeper into the history of our rise in prices throughout the economy since...
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...letters attest to the courage, tenacity, and intelligence of youth who had few resources, but hoped for better lives during this era. The editor also clarifies Mrs. Roosevelt and her staff’s responses to the letters. Only 1 percent of youths received the material assistance they requested. About 5 percent were told by Mrs. Roosevelt’s staff to seek help from New Deal agencies, 3 percent were directed toward charities, and 3 percent were encouraged to contact educational institutions. Eighty-eight percent of the letter writers were rejected by Mrs. Roosevelt’s office. Readers are left to wonder about the children and youth who never had their requests filled. Collier, P. (1999) ‘On the Economic Consequences of Civil War’ in Oxford Economic Papers vol. 51 no. 1, 1999. Oxford and Washington DC: Oxford University...
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...Saying this, the majority however in every neighbourhood, no matter how deprived, did not take part in the riots (Ashe, 2014). Because of this, it is generally believed that there were more reasons other than poverty for the behaviour, with fault lying in the police, authorities and the rioters (Grant, 2014). Taking a social psychology point of view it is possible that people were responding to a collective identity (Gorringe, Stott and Rosie, 2012). This theory is derived from crowd psychology, this does not mean that the rioters lose their identity within the crowd or have a personality deficit, but their personality shifts from an individual one to a collective one (Damjanovic, Pinkham, Clarke and Phillips, 2014). The majority of the rioters were youths, although keeping their own personalities; they began to adopt the more general view of youths, for example “antisocial or deviant” (Damjanovic, Pinkham, Clarke and Phillips, 2014). This, along with...
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