...Sex Work In A HIV Prevalent World The anthropological article, Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV Risk Among Crack-Using Commercial Sex Workers in San Salvador, El Salvador, offers a qualitative and in-depth analysis into the lives of sex workers in the metropolitan area of San Salvador. The purpose of this paper will be to examine the collected data from the article and apply previously discussed anthropological tactics to better understand the given information. The article underscores childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and its connection to adopting prostitution as an occupation, although, through the studied sample group no clear connection could be drawn. It is obvious that, though CSA seems to have contributed to stigmatization and negative feelings that could have led a women to seeking sex work, poverty seems to be a greater determinant of whether a woman became involved in sex work or not. The article comprises of several sections, introducing the issue of what factors may cause initiation to sex work, drug use, and vulnerability to HIV in San Salvador. The basic argument of the article is to establish a relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and increase in HIV risk. Ethnographic interviews of 40 women who were sex workers, crack users, or both were conducted in Spanish. The theoretical framework of the study suggested that girls who ran away at a young age did not actively choose to participate in deviant lifestyles but, rather, they were vulnerable to sex work...
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...Independent Institute Working Paper Number 53 September 27, 2004 100 Swan Way, Oakland, CA 94621-1428 • 510-632-1366 • Fax: 510-568-6040 • Email: info@independent.org • http://www.independent.org Sweatshops and Third World Living Standards: Are the Jobs Worth the Sweat? Benjamin Powell and David Skarbek• Department of Economics San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192-0114 benjamin.powell@sjsu.edu ABSTRACT Many studies have shown that multinational firms pay more than domestic firms in Third World countries. Economists critical of sweatshops have responded that multinational firms’ wage data do not address whether sweatshop jobs are above average because many of these jobs are with domestic subcontractors. In this paper we compare apparel industry wages and the wages of individual firms accused of being sweatshops to measures of the standard of living in Third World economies. We find that most sweatshop jobs provide an above average standard of living for their workers. Benjamin Powell is an Assistant Professor of Economics at San Jose State University and the Director of the Center for the Study of Entrepreneurial Innovation at the Independent Institute. David Skarbek is an economics major at San Jose State University and intern at the Independent Institute. The authors thank Jeffery Hummel, Charles Murray, Larry Pratt and Edward Stringham for helpful comments on earlier drafts. Financial support from the American Institute for Economic Research is gratefully acknowledged...
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...STUARTÃÃÃÃ , & SANDRO ´ ´ RAUL DIAZ FLORESÃÃÃÃÃ Ã University of California, Santa Cruz, USA University of Vermont, USA ÃÃÃ ´ Asociacion de Mujeres Contra La Violencia, Oyanka, Jalapa, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃ Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃÃ ´ ´ CII-ASDENIC, Edificio Casa Estelı, Estelı, Nicaragua ÃÃ ABSTRACT In December 2001, green coffee commodity prices hit a 30-year low. This deepened the livelihood crisis for millions of coffee farmers and rural communities. The specialty coffee industry responded by scaling up several sustainable coffee certification programs, including Fair Trade. This study uses household- and community-level research conducted in Nicaragua from 2000 to 2006 to assess the response to the post-1999 coffee crisis. A participatory action research team surveyed 177 households selling into conventional and Fair Trade markets in 2006. In an effort to dialogue with specialty coffee industry and mainstream development agencies, results are framed within the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Findings suggest that households connected to Fair Trade cooperatives experienced several positive impacts in education, infrastructure investment, and monetary savings. However, several important livelihoods insecurities, including low incomes, high emigration, and food insecurity, persisted among all small-scale producers. ´ ´ En diciembre de 2001, los precios del bien de consumo de cafe verde alcanzaron...
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...INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE SPANISH FASHION BRAND ZARA Carmen Lopez Ying Fan Brunel Business School Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2009), 13:2, 279-296 INTRODUCTION Zara is one of the world’s most successful fashion retailers operating in 59 countries. However, there is little research about the firm in English as the majority of publications have been written in Spanish. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by examining the internationalisation process of Zara. This study adopts an in-depth case approach based on extensive secondary research. Literature published in both English and Spanish has been reviewed, including company documents such as annual reports. The paper starts with a brief overview of the global textile and clothing industry, followed by the case study of Zara. The main part of the case examines the key aspects in the internationalisation of Zara namely: motives for internationalisation, market selection, entry strategies, and international marketing strategies. In the final section, comparisons are made between Zara and two of its main competitors, H&M and Gap. The global textile and clothing industry The removal of all import quotas in the textile and clothing industry from January 2005, involving the unrestricted access of all members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the European, American and Canadian markets is considered a key driving force in the development of the clothing sector (Keenan, et al., 2004). This...
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...INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE SPANISH FASHION BRAND ZARA Carmen Lopez Ying Fan Brunel Business School Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2009), 13:2, 279-296 INTRODUCTION Zara is one of the world’s most successful fashion retailers operating in 59 countries. However, there is little research about the firm in English as the majority of publications have been written in Spanish. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by examining the internationalisation process of Zara. This study adopts an in-depth case approach based on extensive secondary research. Literature published in both English and Spanish has been reviewed, including company documents such as annual reports. The paper starts with a brief overview of the global textile and clothing industry, followed by the case study of Zara. The main part of the case examines the key aspects in the internationalisation of Zara namely: motives for internationalisation, market selection, entry strategies, and international marketing strategies. In the final section, comparisons are made between Zara and two of its main competitors, H&M and Gap. The global textile and clothing industry The removal of all import quotas in the textile and clothing industry from January 2005, involving the unrestricted access of all members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the European, American and Canadian markets is considered a key driving force in the development of the clothing sector (Keenan, et al., 2004). This...
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...Fathom T Global Market Analysis Fathom World Communicator: Phone and Language Translating System MNS Technologies International Business Instructor: Dr. David Strong Spring 2012 – FTB Abstract The purpose of this paper is to summarize the steps of the marketing process involved in the launching of a brand new product in a particular part of the globe. We are focusing in brining a brand new product: the Fathom World Communicator into the market in Mexico City. We will be able to satisfy the customer’s needs and wants by applying our marketing plan and background research that we gathered about the area. After meticulously researching the market we were able to identify a target area that we believe will be successful. The introduction of the Fathom World Communicator breaks price and language barriers between local and foreign competitors. Our company wisely took advantage of joint efforts with local and established endeavors to be able to utilize local workforce and resources, making the launching of the Fathom World Communicator a success. Introduction the Fathom World Communicator: All-in-One Phone and Translator 2012 Mexico City, Mexico With projected 3.5% economic growth for 2012 and three times the size of Texas, Mexico has a current population of 113 million, with 50% under the age of 27. Mexico City’s population of 19.5 million, Mexico has outstanding potential and attracts impressive levels...
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...Planning Your Historical Investigation Examples of Types of Investigations Examples of Research Questions Choice of Topic 20th Century History of the Americas Alternative The Written Account & Assessment Criteria A. Plan of the Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis E. Conclusion F. Sources and Word Limit Sample History IAs 1Trotsky and the Russian Civil War 2US in Chile 3Women in the French Revolution 4PreWWI Alliances 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 2 2 3 4 10 16 Information in this guide is gathered from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to: The IB History Course Guide, Oxford’s IB Skills and Practice, IBOCC, and anecdotal experience. What is the History IA? The History IA is your chance to explore a period, theme, or event in history that you are interested in. For full IB Candidates, it also serves as 20% of your final History Grade. The final paper will be assessed by your teacher, with a sampling sent off to IB for score moderation. The History IA asks you to use the full range of skills you have been taught in class. In particular: ● knowledge and understanding ● application and interpretation ● synthesis and evaluation ● document analysis The structure of the IA is unlike any history paper you have ever written (and will most likely ever write again)...
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...No Peace WiThouT Justice Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity No Peace WiThouT Justice No Peace Without Justice Copyright 2010 © No Peace Without Justice Via di Torre Argentina 76, I-00186, Roma, Italy www.npwj.org Permission to reproduce and distribute this document is hereby granted provided that this notice is retained on all copies, that copies are not altered and that No Peace Without Justice is credited. This publication is also available at www.npwj.org. No Peace Without Justice is an international non-profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice. NPWJ undertakes its work within three main thematic programs: International Criminal Justice; Female Genital Mutilation; and Middle East and North Africa Democracy, including specific work on Iraq. NPWJ is a Member of the TRP Senate, a Member of the Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European...
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...656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic development and growth. Key Words: gender, inequality, development, household economics, macroeconomic policy, Caribbean. 1 Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for...
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...Amity International Model United Nations 2014 13th, 14th and 15th November 2014 Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh aimodelun14@gmail.com jarora@aisn.amity.edu www.aimun.co.in www.facebook.com/aimun14 Message from the Chairperson Congratulations to Amity International Schools and Amity Educational Resource Centre for conducting four phenomenal editions of Amity International Model United Nations (AIMUN). Since 2010, AIMUN has successfully engaged youth from diverse nationalities and cultures in challenging debates, year after year. Globalization has virtually erased geographical boundaries and the virtual world has made distance a meaningless word. While the altered landscape has benefitted the world in many ways, new problems and challenges have surfaced too. UN simulations at AIMUN capture the trials and tribulations faced by today’s world. Proceedings in the AIMUN sensitize our delegates to international affairs and ignite their passion to bring change in a responsible and sustainable manner. Amity’s core philosophy of nurturing global leaders is so beautifully expressed in AIMUN conferences. This year we are back with renewed vigor and offer youth from across the world a dynamic platform where they will apply their young minds through discussion and debate to resolve crises which confront our world. I am confident AIMUN will, like it has earlier, inculcate the United Nations ethos in our young global leaders and inspire them to build an international community where every...
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...propelled Nike to the top of its industry. However, not all of Nike’s story is ideal. In recent years, the company has faced criticism in connection with its use of contract labor in developing nations. The purpose of this case is to provide an understanding of the company’s background, its general business strategy, and its use of contract labor. The Athletic Apparel and Footwear Industry The athletic apparel and footwear industry experienced steady growth for more than two decades, beginning in the early 1980’s. For example, in the U.S.A. alone, consumer spending on athletic footwear increased by 10 percent during the first six months of 2005 (Quinn, 2006). Consumers were not just professional athletes, but ordinary men, women, and children who wore athletic apparel for both sports and leisure. The industry became more fashion-oriented, resulting in higher levels of innovation and cutting-edge technology. As a result of the emphasis on style and fashion and customers’ demands for improving performance and comfort, the industry experienced short life-cycles for individual products (Quinn, 2006). The industry was...
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...EADN WORKING PAPER No. 71 (2013) Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Examining Gaps and Enhancing Strategies in Cebu City, Philippines Adrian Boyett D. Agbon Fiscalina Amadora-Nolasco Elmira Judy T. Aguilar Rhoderick John S. Abellanosa Lauren Ligaton University of San Carlos Cebu City, Philippines 1 Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Examining Gaps and Enhancing Strategies in Cebu City, Philippines* Adrian Boyett D. Agbon, Fiscalina Amadora-Nolasco, Elmira Judy T. Aguilar, Rhoderick John S. Abellanosa, and Lauren Ligaton *This work was carried out via a grant from the Global Development Network/East Asian Development Network (GDN/EADN), which was administered by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies as EADN Secretariat and University of San Carlos (USC), Cebu City, Philippines. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the EADN and USC. 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank - The East Asia Development Network (EADN) for the financial support extended to this project as part of their research capacity building; - - Dr. Josef Yap, President of Philippine Institute of Development Studies (PIDS) and regional coordinator of the East Asia Development Network (EADN); - Our mentor, Dr. Fernando T. Aldaba of Ateneo de Manila University, Department of Economics, for his comments and suggestions; - The research participants...
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...Abstract When a person think of poverty, one simply says’ and or think that individuals, families, groups, and what have you lack financial stability; however, there is so much more that should be considered when it comes to poverty. The World Health Organization has described poverty as the greatest cause of suffering on earth. Living in a state of financial instability is both physically and emotionally damaging, the stress alone can make one ill. Poverty continues to be a problem not only in the United States of America but in developing countries and less developed countries (LDC) worldwide. Some of those countries are under developed countries and developing countries; furthermore, there are major problems in both. The main focus in this paper is on poverty in America; also, the new faces of poverty and how it affects the new faces. . Four Families of Article from USA TODAY, September 28, 2011 The article covers various issues of poverty of different families and individuals; however, the main portion of the article is about a father in Leesburg, Virginia. The man’s name is Billy Schlegel. He is the father of three children; also, he is divorced as of 2004. Billy and his ex-wife share joint custody of their three children. How often have we heard the phrase of people going from rags to riches? There is a new phrase now and it is going from riches to rags in the blink of an eye so to speak. Billy Schlegel’s unfortunate issues stem from changes in the in our economy;...
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...responsibility as implemented in Latin America Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd 1 9.2.2006 12:04:25 Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd Sec1:2 9.2.2006 12:04:26 Contents An introductory discussion 2 A framework for Creating Shared Value 5 Nestlé’s philosophy: a long-term perspective 7 Latin America: challenges and opportunities 9 Overview: Nestlé in Latin America 1 1 Agriculture and sourcing 12 Sourcing practices for quality, safety and sustainability Research and development for better yields Knowledge transfer and farm assistance Partnerships for sustainable agriculture 16 17 20 23 Manufacturing and distribution 26 Food safety through improved standards of operations Risk management for food safety — Early Warning System Developing people Labour policies for mutual benefit Creation of development and employment opportunities in the community Improved environmental standards Managing water sustainably 30 31 33 34 Research for consumer benefit Consumer nutrition, health and wellness Knowledge and education for healthy nutrition and lifestyles 52 54 58 Nestlé’s future in Latin America 62 Products and consumers 48 Front, inside and back covers: Farmer Rufino Chindicué (front cover) and son Luis (inside back cover) supply milk to Nestlé. Three decades ago, Nestlé created a milk district in Caquetá, Colombia, to ensure a reliable, high quality supply and create opportunity for area...
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...THESIS ON IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Sparkles Soft offers under stated Services 1. Plagiarism free writing services 2. PHD Research Papers 3. MBA Dissertations Writer 4. MBA Thesis writer 5. MBA Assignment writer 6. ACCA,BSC Applied Accountancy Project 7. Australian MBA Assignment writing Services 8. UK MBA Assignment writing Services 9. LLB Thesis writing Services 10. LLM Thesis writing Services 11. LLB Assignment writing services 12. LLM Assignment writing Services 13. Australian and UK LLB Thesis writing Services 14. Australian and UK LLM Thesis writing Services 15. Australian and UK LLB Assignment writing services 16. Australian and UK LLM Assignment writing Services https://www.facebook.com/pages/International-Students-in-UK/170124656395756 SPARKLES SOFT Skype sparkles.soft Email sparklessoft@gmail.com Viber/WhatsAPP 00923004604250 Uk LandLine +441252594901 SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 3 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Pakistan as a country: 3 1.2 Domestic Violence: 3 1.3 Western Vs local Domestic Violence: 5 1.4 Research Question: 6 1.5 Research Objectives 6 1.6 Research Significance 7 CHAPTER TWO 8 EDUCATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN 8 2.1. Education: 8 2.2. Education System: 8 2.3. Education system of Pakistan: 10 2.3.1. Problems of Education system of Pakistan: 11 2.3.2. Policies and Reforms in Education system...
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