...because they tend to cluster in lower-paying fields such as teaching and nursing fields, while men choose jobs that pay significantly more such as business executives, scientists, doctors, and lawyers. Also, discrimination in male dominated industries could discourage women from seeking employment there. As a result of discrimination, it influences the next generation of girls to drift toward lower-paying fields. However, even those women who pick male-dominated fields earn less than men also. Moreover, the article explains that women who had a sex change and became men, earned 1.5% more, while men who became women, earned 32% less. Moreover, 52% of women in the prime earning age of 26 to 59 go through at least one full calendar year earning nothing at all which causes the wage gap to become twice as large. Lastly, the article states that women’s...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
...Compensation Gap and the Higher Education Connection Judith E. Grey-Bowen, Miami-Dade County Public Schools Donovan A. McFarlane, The Donovan Society LLC and Frederick Taylor University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender gap and the potential factors that contribute to income inequality. Since the passing of the equal pay act, the median weekly earnings of women is still just seventy eight cents on each dollar that men earn (Center for American Progress, 2010). To put this in context, the pay gap in 1970 was sixty two cents and in 1992 it was seventy five cents (Institute for Women’s Research, 1993). Undervaluation of women’s work, occupational gender segregation, and discriminatory treatment in the workplace continue to hamper efforts to reduce the gender pay gap. A pay check is women’s and men’s most important source of income. Therefore, it is surprising, discriminatory and unfair to know that after both genders have worked satisfactorily on the same job; they do not receive the same pay. The gender pay gap is the best way to measure pay inequality between men and women. The authors discuss Gender Compensation Discrimination and examine the historical trends in pay difference, the various causes and the methods and paths considered for closing the Gender Compensation Gap. Key words: Gender Compensation Discrimination, Gender Compensation Gap, Equality, Rights and Privileges, Sex Segregation, Gender Pay Gap, Wage Gap, Discrimination, Equal Pay Act, Occupational...
Words: 9335 - Pages: 38
...purpose of this paper is to discuss if pay equity legislation has worked to eliminate the wage gap between males and females in the workforce. This paper will discuss current pay equity legislation. Federal legislation includes the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Equal Wages Guidelines, and the Canada Labour Code, Part III. Provincial legislation includes the Ontario Pay Equity Act. This paper will also cover a brief time line of the history of pay equity and who is actually covered by pay equity legislation. Lastly, this paper will discuss the gender wage gap and why it exists. Graphs from Statistics Canada will aid in demonstrating the current wage gap and the significant difference in pay for males and females. Has Pay Equity Legislation Worked? Men and women are different in many ways, physically, genetically and anatomically; however they are the same in that they are both human beings who have a right to fair and equal treatment. All throughout history women seem to have taken a back seat to their male counterparts, as women were not officially deemed persons until 1929 after a Supreme Court hearing, they had to struggle to get recognition in the workplace, and to this day are continually fighting for pay equity in the workplace. Pay equity is defined as “the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort” (Pay Equity, n.d., para. 1). The goal of pay equity “is to stop discrimination related...
Words: 2574 - Pages: 11
...Inequalities in women’s soccer (Women’s National Soccer Team; successful but not equal) Thesis: Although women’s soccer has come along way, as a result of Title IX, gender discrimination is still seen in women’s professional’s sports today. Over the last year, issues about pay, field conditions, and even feminism have surfaced as a result of this summers Women’s World Cup. I. Introduction a. Quote “I don’t want to be considered a great female athlete, I want to be a great athlete”. The idea of a professional female athlete is a fairly new concept that has only developed in the last century. b. Women’s soccer in relatively new to the U.S., however, the sport has been revolutionized by the tremendous success of the U.S. Women’s National Soccer...
Words: 945 - Pages: 4
...Wages: Is There Really a Gender Pay Gap Abstract The wages used in the following research paper were taken from a population of 100 workers and divided by 12 descriptive statistics. The purpose of this research is to determine if there really is a gender gap with wages. The following descriptive statistics were used: wage, industry, occupation, education, location (from the south or not from the south), non-white, Hispanic, female, ex-military, marital status, age and Union. This research paper will include the problem statement, research question, hypothesis, definitions, presentation of data, conclusion, implication, recommendations and reference page. This research paper is composed from peer reviewed journals and references are available on the last page of this research paper. Wages – Is there really a Gender Pay Gap Introduction Is the United States work force still facing the issue of gender pay gap? According to The American Association of University Women (AAUW) it’s real, it’s persistent, and it’s undermining the economic security of American families. This research paper will define that there is indeed a pay gap between men and women working full time in the United States. (Linda D. Hallman, CAE AAUW Executive Director, 2012) Problem Statement The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has been on the front lines of the fight for pay equity since 1913. AAUW members were in the Oval Office when President...
Words: 1936 - Pages: 8
...Eloïse Stark Midterm Essay How to explain that women still get lower wages than men in the OECD countries? In western countries since the Second World War, women’s growing participation on the labor market has been one of the most profound transformations not only of the economy but also of society as a whole. Dual income families have become the norm and in a bid for sexual equality, most OECD countries have created laws to protect pay equality for men and women, such as the Equal Pay Act in 1963 in the US, or the article 119 of the EEC treaty. Nonetheless, women continue to earn less than men in all OECD countries. There are different ways of measuring this. Comparing annual or monthly earnings shows the difference between what both sexes “take home”, which is interesting from a sociological perspective. However we shall focus on the “gender pay gap”, defined as the “the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men working full time”. This shows the difference between the actual “price” of women and men’s labor, taking into consideration the fact that men work more hours on average. How does the gender gap stand today? Despite differences between countries the gender pay gap remains a persistent characteristic of OECD labor markets. In 2006, women earned an average of 16% less than men, per hour worked. … Although we can see a slow but continuous drop over the past few decades in all countries In OECD countries, which are...
Words: 3444 - Pages: 14
...Discriminatory Wage Gap “The gap between the median wage for a man and that of a woman in 2010 was $10,784.00 per year. The gender wage gap gets larger with age and builds up over time. But for women in the final five years of their careers before retirement, the wage gap grows to a whopping $14,352.00. Over a 40-year career, the average woman will lose $431,000.00 to the gender wage gap” (Cooper 1). Does this seem fair? It seems quite obvious to the common observer that there should be equal pay across the board for the same job accomplished regardless of gender, education or any other factor one might dream up. Nevertheless, according to most research and authorities on the subject of equal pay, there is a gap between the earnings of men and women. Moreover, as one delves into the subject more thoroughly, one notes it is much more complicated than simply equal pay for the same work performed. Women are greatly affected by the wage gap over time where they lose a significant amount of money the closer they are to retirement. As of April, 2014, the Center for American Progress states that to every dollar a man makes, a woman makes 77 cents (Cooper 1). Thus, it is apparent that women are still behind the men in terms of equal pay in the workforce. While women's pay in the workforce has traditionally been less than a man’s it nevertheless has increased over the years; however, as of 2014 there still exists a pay gap which can only be addressed through legislation, enforcement...
Words: 2903 - Pages: 12
...Sakinah Jackson HUM 325 Professor Slavin June 1, 2014 The Controversy of Gender Pay Gap On behalf of women’s suffrage social activist have scrutinized the gender pay gap to promote social justice and propel lawmakers to remedy the economical injustices of women. Since the Equal Pay Act has been enacted by John F. Kennedy the gender pay gap has slowly narrowed. However, disparity of the gender pay continues to exist and until economical parity between the sexes is resolved controversy will invariably persist. Discrimination in the work force has been displayed statistically through reports from eminent sponsors. Capitol Hill reports that there is a 23 cent division between wages in the broad spectrum of work professions. What are the factors that contribute to this disparity? Critics who denounce gender discrimination in the work place, support the idea that the pay gap factors around the differences in women’s and men’s typical occupation preference. These supporters of this theory reinforce that, more women who acquire a degree are likely to study education and social services which are some of the lower paying professions. Men on the other hand are more likely to study engineering and medicine and this is the explanation for the variance. However, the culpability cannot be pointed at one single handedly thing. Even though discrimination does play a big factor, other aspects of the gender division contribute...
Words: 1069 - Pages: 5
...US Male vs. Female Pay Differences: Has the Wage Gap Narrowed and Why? Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 4 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………... 5 History of Inequity………………..………………………………………... 6 Pay Equity…………..……………………………………………………... 7 Trends in the Gender Pay Wage Gap…........................................................ 10 Trends in the 1980s………………………………..………………………. 11 Trends in the 1990s………………………………………………………… 12 The Human Capital Theory……..…………………………………………. 14 Sex Segregation Theory……………………………………………………. 15 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 16 Predictions for the future…………………………………………………... 17 References………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Abstract Pay differences between men and women is still a topic that keeps re-surfacing over the years. Since the signing of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, it is now illegal to pay men and women substantially different wages for equal work. The question is could there still be pay disparity between men and women in today’s labor market. This paper evaluates the dilemma faced by employers and reviews the trends in the gender wage gap. The paper will also investigate possible causes of the gender wage gap. In closing, the author will provide possible predictions for the future. US Male vs. Female Pay Differences: Has the Wage Gap Narrowed and Why? In the United States, there is still controversy about male...
Words: 4066 - Pages: 17
...GENDER WAGE GAP INTRODUCTION Nowadays there are a lot of women graduates from universities, master programs and colleges. Also some studies showed that women are doing better in school then men (Buchmann, 2006). So why are women still not getting paid equally as men? We see that the gap is getting narrower and narrower throughout the years. However, pay gap between men and women still exist. After World War II, women were paid 60% of what men paid. This situation got better in 2000s. Studies showed that in 2009, women earn 80% of what men earn after one year they graduate from college (Day and Hill, 2007). Even though women's level of education is getting higher throughout the years, this improvement is not enough to getting pay equally as men. Women are continuing to earn less than men on average, and the convergence is not enough to compensate the gap in the upcoming years. This paper focuses on the worldwide gender pay gap and it gives general insights about the issue. I will try to explain the reasons of the gender pay gap between men and women. At the first part, I will briefly look at the issue historically. I will try to explain the trends of pay gay throughout the years. I will analyze the gender wage gap starting from the post World War II period. At the second part, I will explain some theories and studies about the reasons of gender wage gap. Some theories attribute this situation to “gender-specific”...
Words: 2614 - Pages: 11
...issue with the wage gap between women and men is an increasing issue in today’s society. Modern society thinks everyone is paid the same, no matter their gender or color. However, that is not the case. Wage gap is extremely present and women are getting less than what they expect. In “Identifying Differences in Business Students’ Salary Expectations,” the study found that female students expect to have high salaries (Khosrozadeh et al., 2016, p. 23). Although women in the business field except to have high paid salaries, this is not the case. They are faced with a wage gap based on their gender, including their race and motherhood. The wage inequalities between males and females is different between the type of business occupation. In...
Words: 1121 - Pages: 5
...REFERENCES 1. Ashton, Deborah. "What HR Can Do to Fix the Gender Pay Gap." Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business Review, 02 Dec. 2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. 2. What We're Watching in the Gender Wage Gap. (2010, September 1). Retrieved October 8, 2015. 3. Neale, M. (2015, June 29). More Reasons Women Need to Negotiate Their Salaries. Retrieved October 8, 2015. 4. Maatz, L. (2014, April 5). The Awful Truth Behind the Gender Gap. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 5. Smith, K. (2014, April 10). The Gender Pay Gap Is Just the Beginning of America's Pay Inequity Problem. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 6. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall 2015) (AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881) 7. Mind the Gap: How One Employer Tackled Pay Equity. (n.d.). Retrieved October 9, 2015. 1. It’s no secret that women are paid less than men, even when occupations are held constant, and even when those occupations are high-pay and high-skill. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earning for American female physicians working full-time is $1,497, while for men it is $2,087. A 2013 BLS report shows pay inequity by occupation for women of all races: women in architecture and engineering occupations earn 83.7% to the dollar in comparison to men and in computer and mathematical occupations 81% to the dollar in comparison to men. When Forbes analyzed 2012 median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers data from BLS for the top-paying professions...
Words: 5900 - Pages: 24
...Imagine a world where everything from pay, to health benefits are always unfair, due to gender. Well, that’s the world that Carli Lloyd is currently living in. Carli Lloyd is a U.S women’s soccer player who strongly believes that everyone should be treated equally no matter what gender they belong to. After being on the women's team for 12 years, she has experienced gender inequality in every way, and she will continue do whatever she can to fight for women’s rights, so that young girls around the world won’t have to experience the hardships of being mistreated. First of all, Carli lloyd stated, “It had everything to do with what’s right and what’s fair, and with upholding a fundamental American concept: equal pay for equal play. Even if you are female.” Evidently, Carli is right about the unfair wage gap between the men and women’s team, especially since Carli and her teammates, play just as much and just as hard as the men soccer team players. There shouldn’t be a wage gap especially if men and women are doing the same job just as well. Secondly, Lloyd also claimed, “The top five players on the men’s team make an average of $406,000 each year from these games. The top five women are guaranteed only $72,000 each year.” There is a 334,000 dollar wage gap between the two...
Words: 797 - Pages: 4
...achieve in order to have the same freedoms and equality as men. 1. Economic independence for women, including the freedom to choose an occupation and receive pay equal to a man. 2. Gender equality at home, men in the home sharing the responsibilities of family life. 3. Reproductive freedom, the ability to choose when, if and how many children they would have. 4. Financial support for homemaking and child raising (Ellen Carol DuBois; Lynn Dumenil, 2012). Since 1920 women have won many rights and opportunities in areas like education, professional sports and in some states same sex marriages. However, if we look at the “priorities” that Eastman identified how far have we actually come when the U.S. Constitution does not even guarantee women the same rights as men? With ground already broken in the workplace due to women’s participation in various professions, trades and unions, women believed that equality in the workplace would be the easiest part to achieve. One of the foremost obstacles was inequality in pay, a problem that has shown to be amazingly enduring. The Equal Pay Act is the landmark law that was passed 50 years ago which require employers to pay men and women equally for substantially equal work. Yet here we are 50 years later, with equal pay still being unfinished business. When the Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963,...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...in 2011/12, it continues to be the most frequent type of discrimination claim received by tribunals. Gender equality is a known problem within the UK as organisations and the UK as a whole do not view men and women with equal value and therefore have unequal treatment. Whilst employers should enforce policies that are designed to prevent sex discrimination in recruitment and selection, pay, training, promotions, discipline and grievances, this is not always the case. Although women within work is on the rise as in 2013 the female employment rate reached 67.2, which is the highest it has ever been since Office for National Statistics’ records began, the median weekly earnings for women fell from £413 to £411. This means the gender pay gap has now risen from £89 to £97 pounds a week as weekly earnings for men rose from £502 to £508. With this in mind, I am proposing to argue the fact that women are still not treated equally to men within organisations in the UK based on my three chosen chapters that are ‘The History of Women and their Rights’, ‘Gender Equality Governmental Laws and Gender Pay’ and ‘Influential Women’. Within my chapter of the history of women and their rights I will focus on the timeline of history of working women and the people who fought for the rights to get to where we are today. I will also focus on the dates of massive movements towards equality for women within the UK and how this was achieved. In the second chapter I will be discussing Gender Equality...
Words: 5372 - Pages: 22
