...DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES In writing letters, memos, and e-mail messages (the focus of Chapters 2 and 3), one issue that you'll need to consider is whether your message is one that is likely to be well-received or one that may encounter resistance or ill-will--a "bad news" message of some type. Searle’s spends a good bit of time in Chapter 1 discussing tone and making sure to use a reader-centered perspective that utilizes a "you" approach and positive wording. In addition to a reader-centered perspective, however, you also should consider the difference between what is called a direct and an indirect approach when organizing letters, memos, and e-mail messages, especially ones that convey bad news. DIRECT APPROACH The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Searle’s mentions that memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. If you're using the direct approach, this introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order for part #23-B-4439 and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach...
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...Changing views of the contribution of popular Spanish resistance to victory in the Peninsular War. The guerrillas have been viewed in a variety of different ways in the historiographical record of the Peninsular War. Until relatively recently, according to Tone, “historians have paid them scant attention” putting the focus on, according to Esdaile “great men, great armies and great battles”. This essay will explore some aspects of the guerrillas that have been the subject of debate in the historiography, focussing first on exploring who the guerrillas were and what their impact was on the war. Tone, in a study of the English language historiography and that of France and Spain identified that there was a difference in the way each treated the guerrillas. He summarised that while the British ignored the guerrillas’ role, the French overplayed the role of the church and the Spanish tended to portray the popular resistance as comprising the whole of the population. It could be argued that this reduction of three historiographic traditions to just three simple ideas is an oversimplification, but there is some justification for at least one of these ideas. To illustrate, and explain the British view, Tone cites Napier’s 1882 history of the Peninsular War as discussing the guerrillas, or partidas (the name given to guerrilla bands by the Spanish themselves) in less than glowing language. Reading the rest of the Napier, it is true that there are very few mentions of the guerrillas...
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...alike but altered interpretations all boiling down to being opposed to the ideas of others or to an entire situation occurring. These ideas lead to groups of individuals who have similar opposing ideas to what some call the norm, these are called resistance groups. These groups are usually hidden and show their own twist on the ideas altering from the countries beliefs. Naomi Klein and Barry Lopez are two boisterous authors when it comes to resistance. Barry Lopez was not the one to sit back and let something he believed to be not right go on without voicing his opinion. Therefore he creates the multiple short story book “Resistance” to show his readers how he believes the world is not healthy. Naomi Klein on the other hand takes her own approach to resistance and puts it into a more straightforward subject of excessive branding and globalization. “No Logo” created by Naomi Klein, focuses in on four parts of the excessive branding going on in the world today, “No Space", "No Choice", "No Jobs", and "No Logo." () These four confrontational ideas that Klein speaks about throughout “No Logo” are the basis to her resistance. “I was an angry bystander. I'd no power to intervene, and had no intention of dropping the work I was already committed to, not in order to raise someone else's awareness, promote greater indignation, or organize.” (Resitance) Lopez begins resistance with the short story “Apocalypse,” () a key short story to the complete book. Apocalypse tells a story of a man...
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...Does Disciplinary Power enforce good or bad behaviour from students in York University Accommodation? Introduction When looking at Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, we looked at our own expectations compared with our actual experiences of living in university run accommodation. With most students coming to university, it is the first time that they will live on ‘their own’, without the rules and restrictions that they had when living at home with their parents, therefore a degree of freedom and independence was expected. However, we noticed that our actions were restricted by the rules imposed on us due to the acceptance of the university run accommodation. From our own experiences, we witnessed students displaying bad behavioural characteristics through resistance. This led our group to investigate the impact that the rules have on students’ behaviours and the universities use of disciplinary power to ‘control’ students’ behaviour. We also wanted to determine from the student’s perspective, the impact these controls had on their behaviour. Methodology There has been a lot of research conducted to study the behaviours of students and their resistance to authority, however they were not written in the students’ perspective. By investigating the behaviours of students from their perspective, it allows us to have a more accurate account of their experiences and the impact that the university’s restrictions has on them. It also enables us to determine why students either...
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...The term resistance to change simply means that individuals are set in his or her ways and often don’t want to modify his or her routing. However, this change resistance doesn’t just occur when individuals who like their jobs are asked to make a change. Resistance even happens when individuals are chronically upset with their working conditions. For them, the known evil is preferable to the unknown. For anyone to resist a change, there obviously has to be a change. These new conditions are the events that occur around us every day. And these events, big or small, good or bad, invariably lead to some result. However, it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change, and the causes behind it. These behaviors fall into two categories -- active-resistance or passive-resistance. Symptoms of active resistance occur where individuals are taking specific and deliberate action to resist the change. It may be overt, with such as public statements and acts of resistance, and it may be covert, such as mobilizing others to create an underground resistance movement. Overt active resistance, although potentially damaging, is at least visible and you have the option of using formal disciplinary actions (although more positive methods should normally be used first). When it is covert, you may also need to use to covert methods to identify the source and hence take appropriate action Passive resistance occurs where people do not take specific actions. At meetings...
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...swelling. Had to go to infirmary and be operated on. Evacuation, Leaves with his father well recovering from foot (People in the infirmary were told they could stay, and would be fine/not killed, some didn’t believe that). Chapter 6; Page 85: March through a Blanket of Snow and Death. Eli, his father, and the rest of the prisoners began their march. Any who stopped or slowed down were killed. Zalman (young boy from Poland who was marching behind eli, worked in the electrical material depot in Buna) collapsed and died. Eli wanted to stop, to no longer feel anything and die. His father was the only thing that stopped him from doing so (he responsible for his father, and thought it was selfish to him) [“We were masters of nature, masters of the world. We had transcended everything – death, fatigue, our natural needs. We were stronger than cold and hunger, stronger than the guns and the desire to die, doomed and...
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...When the war began there was an extremely high demand for jobs to produce wartime materials, and when the men were shipped off to war, the women stepped up and took their place. Women also did various other things from victory gardens to rationing goods. But, arguably their most important role was to keep a positive attitude and high moral on the Home Front. War can be a very scary time but women did all they could to make their children, and others feel safe. During WWII, life on the Home Front was a significant part of the war effort and had a major impact on the outcome of the war, and no one had a more significant role on the Home Front than women. This document is a personal account of Mourine Merrow, she describes her early life and her life throughout the wars. It also includes a photo of Mourine and her husband working together at the Aircraft Training School. Mourine Merrow was born in Michigan in 1916 and she lived there throughout the war. Mourine felt many impacts of the war in her daily life, and rather than complain or get upset, she took things into her own hands and did all she could to support the war. She supported the war by rationing foods and goods, by volunteering at various places, wrote letters to troops to boost moral, planted a victory garden, and she even enrolled in the Aircraft Training School. This story was intended for all U.S citizens, to show everything that she did, and you can do, in your life to be a good American and support the war. This...
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...The lives of people on the home front were greatly changed by evacuation during World War II. How useful and reliable are these sources in explaining how people's lives were changed by evacuation during World War II. During World War II, children were moved to places such as the countryside due to area's being at risk of being bombed by the Germans. Pregnant women, teachers and the disabled were also evacuated. They all had to leave behind their families at home to move to area's where they were at lower risk of the bombing. All the evacuations took place on the 1st of September 1939, the evacuation was named 'Operation Pied Piper'. Over one million evacuees left London by train, all the children would have a label attached to them with their destination they would be staying at. The aim of this essay is to see why the lives of many people were changed due to the evacuations. I will be analysing a range of primary and secondary sources to decide how reliable and useful they are to she how they changed people's lives. In Source A1, it informs people that the government have made plans for the removal from what are 'evacuable' area's to safer area's known as 'receptional' area's, the source tells you that this for school children, children who are too young for school as long as they are accompanied by their mothers and also for the blind people. This source is reliable as it was written in 1939 when the bombings were about to take place, it was also written by the government...
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...History CASS During the Second World War, Britain’s civilians faced a major number of problems due to the amount of bombs falling continuously night after night during the 8 months of the Blitz in 1940 – 1941. I am going to use three criteria in my assessments of these representations to determine a judgement of which is ‘best’ for describing the reaction of civilians. Representation 1 is not complete in it’s analysis of the civilians reaction as it fails to mention certain key points. One would be that there is no mention of any civilians showing high spirits for the Blitz, this article for example, shows the vast amount of devastation, disenchantment and suffering caused by the Blitz but they all had to continue with their ordinary lives and bounce back as quickly as they could in order to restore their homes and I am aware that people ripped up their fences for the use of metal to construct planes to support the soldiers, however there is no mention of this at all in Representation 1. Another key point would be that there is only mention of bombs and the ruin they caused however there is no mention of evacuation of children and how it affected the families in the process or how many people had to ration throughout the Blitz in order to survive with the little amount they had. Representation 1 is not objective as the author (Craig Stewart-Hunter) is clearly trying to break the idea of positivity. The article is modern (2011), therefore there should be some objectivity as...
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... The Advancement of Women Through History Women’s Rights have grown stronger through the years. Women have gone from being seen and not heard to having a voice, supporting war multiple war efforts, and becoming politicians. In the landmark case of Roe verses Wade gave women the right to own their own body with the decision of whether or not to have an abortion. Women were battling for equality as well as the right to vote. This suffrage was a long drawn out battle through the years but finally was won. Women’s roles during all three wars, the Spanish American War, World War I, and World War II, included nurses, clerical positions, and they back filled spouse’s duties at home. A “New Woman came about in the 1920s as women changed their attitude along with hair, make-up and attitude. All of the progressions were won due to persistence. Women have played a significant throughout the wars in America, not just stateside but abroad. “The Spanish-American War created a substantial need for military nurses” (Small, 1998). Dr Anita Newcomb McGee became the nurse’s bureau chief. This was the first time contract nurses were hired to in military hospital. In September 1918, 1,100 nurses were serving in the United and overseas. During World War I women were allowed to serve in non-nursing positions performing clerical duties. 34,000 women served in the military and 10,000 served as nurses in World War I. During World War II nearly 350, 000 American women served in uniform...
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...household. Women were unable to enter the workforce, vote, or get an education until the 19th century and even after they had received rights their rights were not equal to a mans. Institutions refused to allow women in educational programs and since they were economically dependent upon men, women had a poor socioeconomic status. Until the World Wars, that demanded women’s help in all areas of the labor market did society start to accept women as more than Susie-Home-Makers. The role of women drastically changed after the World Wars yet pay for women remained unequal to that of men, this led to the equal rights movement were women demanded “equal pay for equal work” (4). Working women ranked equal pay as a top priority for Congress in 2001 and the issue reemerged under President Barack Obama when he signed an amendment to the Fair Pay Act last year. The consequences of not acting on this important issue is plummeting tax revenues and further widened income inequality during an already starving US economy. Personal income taxes, child care taxes, earned income tax credits, payroll taxes, and state and local taxes all have aspects that affect the majority of women. Most of the tax system was drafted during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s when most women were not in the workforce. Women’s Contribution to Labor In the 19th century primarily women’s work was “duties around the house”. Examples would be domestic services, clothing shops, and commerce services that handled the trade...
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...World War II through the 1970s Miguel A. Jarquin HIS 105 Professor Simmons August 25, 2013 World War II through the 1970s Major historical turning points World War II one of the most devastating event in human history. It cost the lives of millions of people. During World War II through the 1970s, there were many major historical turning points. (Ganzel, 2010) “October 24, 1945 the United Nations was established. It was the second multipurpose international organization created in the 20th century. The United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union took direction in designing, structure and decision making of the new organization”(P.1). With a worldwide membership and scope, the purpose of the United Nations was to maintain security and peace among countries, as well as working on developing friendly relations. According to the United Nations Charter, it aims: “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” Another turning point was the creation of The North Atlantic Treaty Organization also known as NATO was established by military alliance on April 4, 1949. Its quest was to develop a counterweight to Soviet armies. (Ganzel, 2010) “Original NATO members were Belgium...
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...to simple things like getting a job and supporting themselves. In 1920’s, all women were given the right to vote. In the 1930's, the roles of men and women varied greatly. From the workplace to the home, the expectancies were different. The views of both genders were also very different. And things kept changing from one decade to another. The role of women and their importance...
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...The History of Women HIS 204 American History Since 1865 The History of Women What would the world be if not for the powerful women who have helped to guide the path of women’s rights in the nation? Would women enjoy the same freedoms or would women still be prisoners to the home? Thankfully women don’t need to spend much time contemplating this as we did have strong, powerful women that fought for women’s rights for centuries. Women encouraged other women to fight for equality, fight for freedom, fight for the opportunity to be a strong independent woman in a nation of strong independent men. This paper will discuss several significant events that shaped the future for women in America. Events driven by women that wanted their voices to be heard through a sea of men, women that wanted men to realize that women had a lot to offer this world we live in. The first event this paper will discuss is the American Equal Rights Association started in 1866 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This association would shine a light on women’s suffrage in the nation and later inspire a more radical group called The National Woman Suffrage Association. World War I was another event that that the shaped the future for women in America and around the world. Women left their homes to become nurses that would care for wounded soldiers around the world. Another event is the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. The 19th amendment gave women a voice in elections throughout...
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...Created Men AND WOMEN! Erica McNamara HIS 204 Lilia Anand September 16, 2013 What would the world be if not for the powerful women who have helped to guide the path of women’s rights in the nation? Would women enjoy the same freedoms or would women still be prisoners to the home? Thankfully women don’t need to spend much time contemplating this as we did have strong, powerful women that fought for women’s rights for centuries. Women encouraged other women to fight for equality, fight for freedom, fight for the opportunity to be a strong independent woman in a nation of strong independent men. This paper will discuss several significant events that shaped the future for women in America. Events driven by women that wanted their voices to be heard through a sea of men, women that wanted men to realize that women had a lot to offer this world we live in. The first event this paper will discuss is the American Equal Rights Association started in 1866 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This association would shine a light on women’s suffrage in the nation and later inspire a more radical group called The National Woman Suffrage Association. World War I was another event that that the shaped the future for women in America and around the world. Women left their homes to become nurses that would care for wounded soldiers around the world. Another event is the passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. The 19th amendment gave women a voice in elections...
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