...acts by the west. In reality, the Wall functioned as a barrier to stem the huge migration of skilled laborers to West Berlin and the entire Western Germany. During the standing of this Wall, the people from East and West Berlin had no interaction with each other, and this brought pains and poverties in both sides of country because they depend on each other’s activities in order to survive. On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall, the most potent symbol of the Cold War division of Europe, eventually came down, and the fall of this wall was the peak point of the revolutionary changes within the country of Germany and those were involved. According to Ted Kelly article, “Politics, People and the Berlin Crisis: June-August, 1961”. After World War II in 1945, the Allies, who won the war, divided the country of Germany into four sections, each under the control of an ally. The countries who made up the Ally control were the United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia. The United States, British, and French sectors combined to form a democratic state known as The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and also known as West Germany. The Soviet Sector became a communist state known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on October 7, 1949, and also known as East Germany (2). Kelly went on to mention that the people of East Germany became dissatisfied with the economic and political conditions of the German Democratic Republic....
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...all members) to make laws, enforce laws, and judge laws. Can separate legis, exec, and jud pwr into different persons to protect of too much power in a few persons hands – SEPARATION OF POWERS Can divide powers so that all agree on some rules, but separate groups can make own rules on others – DIVISION OF POWER [FEDERALISM or SHARED SOVEREIGNTY] In Germany, nobles gained more and more power until the emperor was only figurehead by 13th C. Princes and leading churchmen ran ministates as wanted – Germany was crazy quilt of hundreds of independent principalities and cities. Split b/t Catholics and Protestants made this fragmentation more severe. The Habsburg Emperor, Charles V in the middle of the 16th C almost crushed Lutheranism. Solved problem of different religions by cuius regio eius religion – whoever reigns, his religion. Then the 30 years war won by the Catholic Habsburgs. Richlieu in France feared power of Habsburgs and helped Protestants. In that war, Germany lost about 30% of its population to starvation [worst war in history until WWI]. In Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 confirmed cuius region and left Germany made up of small political entities [360]. The German state of Prussia greatly expanded during 18th C. King Fredrick...
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...option. Indicate clearly on your answer booklet which option you have chosen. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 60. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. All questions carry equal marks, i.e. 30 marks for each question. 5858 A2H11 Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 1 SPAIN AND EUROPE 1556–1592 1 How successful was Philip II’s policy towards the Church in Spain in the period 1556–1592? [30] 2 How effectively did Philip II respond to the economic and financial problems Spain faced between 1556 and 1592? [30] 3 “Religious differences were responsible for the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1585.” How far would you accept this verdict? [30] 5846 5858 2 [Turn over Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 2 THE ASCENDANCY OF FRANCE IN EUROPE 1688–1713 1 “France was entirely responsible for the outbreak of the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689.” How far would you agree with this statement? [30] 2 “Marlborough’s tactics became predictable to his opponents.” To what extent would you accept this explanation for his more limited military successes against France after 1708? [30] 3 How far had the power of France in Europe been reduced by 1713? [30] 5858 3 [Turn over Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 3 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE 1789–1814 1 “Economic problems were solely responsible...
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...HIST 2005-2: Week (6) – World War II October 17, 2010 World War II had several prominent leaders throughout the world from President F. Roosevelt in the United States, Winston Churchill in Britain, Joseph Stalin in Russia and Adolf Hitler in Germany. These four men are the most well known in history and all made significant contributions to today’s world. Today, I will focus on the strong influences of President Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler. Both men were great leaders and great speakers in their own respect but I will identify Roosevelt’s effective leadership and Hitler’s ineffective leadership. President Franklin Roosevelt was elected to four terms of presidency for the Unites States. During his presidency, he faced tough decisions regarding the Great Depression and international conflicts that led to World War II. Some of Roosevelt’s policies included an all inclusive national defense, strengthen defense and security of country, demand and support complete action in recognition of obvious dangers and to produce armaments through American industry quicker (The Four Freedoms, n.d.). In 1932, Roosevelt proposed the “New Deal” which would give the people “a program to bring recovery to business and agriculture and relief to the unemployed and those in danger of losing their farms and homes (Presidents, n.d.). After three years, the economy was still struggling and Roosevelt started more reform programs. Social security program was introduced to provide compensation...
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...country should be too powerful to threaten the security of other countries. To be precise, the military equilibrium to be backed up by political, economic and diplomatic powers. General peace could be secured. During 1870-1914, Bismarck and Kaiser Williams II, who were in position of power in different periods, had a different approach towards foreign policy. The basis of Bismarck policy was to maintain the status quo while that of Kaiser William II was global aggrandizement in nature. During 1870-1890, the real power, which determined the future destiny of Germany, was held in the hands of Bismarck. Experiencing the hardship of the unification, Bismarck had adopted a cautious policy. The basis of his foreign policy was to maintain the status quo in order to consolidate what Germany had gained after 1871. The core of his foreign policy was to isolate France, to avoid unnecessary conflicts and to keep peace between Russia and Austria. The “Bismarckian alliance system” was his agent to fulfill his aim. Isolating France was the mainspring of his foreign policy. Bismarck firmly believed that France would be the troublemaker to Germany, since France had always wanted to take revenge on Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Learning the lesson from History which Frederick the Great was defeated by a coalition of France in 1760, Bismarck was sure that isolating France was urgently necessary. He would also like to be sure that France would...
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...Coercive Diplomacy: Otto von Bismarck and the Unification of Germany by Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth R. Kassner United States Marine Corps United States Army War College Class of 2012 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: A Approved for Public Release Distribution is Unlimited This manuscript is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Army War College is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606. The Commission on Higher Education is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information...
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...Questions and Answers: Italian Unification 1. What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable...
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...European war in 1914. The spark that led directly to the outbreak of war was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The events that took place in Europe prior to 1914 have to be focused upon as being pivotal motives in the outbreak of war. Russia deeply influenced and played a key role in the outbreak of World War One, but it is difficult to say she was the sole cause. The different alliance groups, Nationalism, economic stability, domestic tensions and the divergent Foreign Policies in the Central European countries were collectively the reasons that brought about a general European war. Russia’s history preceding 1914 constituted to the decision making of the July Crisis. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904 left Russia defeated and powerless both economically and militarily. [1]‘Russia suffered 400,000 casualties, lost two of its three fleets and denuded its western frontier fortifications of troops and armaments.’ The defeat to Japan caused Russia a major embarrassment and Russia was intent on building up her military strength for the countries social security. By 1910 the ‘Small Program’ followed by the 1913 launch of the ‘Great Program’ enabled Russia to add additional spending to the army and military but Russia’s military strength still lacked its initial power. World War One may have been a way in for Russia to regain her losses, build up her the power she once had and rid the threats of both Germany and...
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...a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, CFR.org. The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy...
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...to become a key feature of globalization. In wake of the atrocities committed during World War II, Europe sought to establish a community of peace, stability, and prosperity with the common interest of humanity (De Vasconcelos, 2005). This unification has been achieved through the liberalization of four essential freedoms of movement: goods, service, capital, and labour (Molchanov, 2007). Even reconciliation between former enemies, such as France and Germany, came from the understanding that new world order has dampened the ability of nations to solve their problems on their own. Integration at a regional level can be thought of as integral part of globalization as it has become Europe’s primary defense amidst rising global competition (Murray, 2011). In fact, Peter Schmitt-Egner identified the process undertaken by the EU as transnational regionalism, as it seeks to 1: Utilize European integration as arena for transnational learning to foster internal regional development and; 2: Enhance regional competence to create a ‘Europe of Regions of Citizens’ (Schmitt-Egner, 2002). For Europe, regional integration has presented itself as a window of opportunity that allows for: “outward looking trade policy, internal competitiveness and involvement in cross-border agreements” (Downs, 2002). Traditionally, this European model based on competitiveness and biggest commercial trading powers in the world, rendering Europe to become the most important regional zone with total exports and imports...
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...1945, just after World War II, the alliance between the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union ended. An intense rivalry between communist and non-communist nations led to the Cold War. It's called the Cold War because it never led to armed or "hot" conflict. At the end of World War II, at the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin was also divided into four sections. Lack of a mutual agreement on German re-unification was a important background of the Cold War. And on March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, gave his "iron curtain" speech while at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe...
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...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
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...1815-Napoleon’s empire ended, and nationalism began its rise. Rising nationalism would eventually be a leading cause of World War I. 11. In the 17th century, witchcraft hysteria took hold in England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, New England, and various other countries. Many people, mainly old women, were accused of witchcraft with no evidence. In the 1950s, many American people were accused of being communist sympathizers with no evidence. These events mirrored the witchcraft hysteria. 12. In 1648, the Thirty Year’s War ended. The Peace of Westphalia was created, allowing all German states to determine their own religion. 13. In 1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz was created. Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia. The empire never became centralized due to all of the national groups. Austrian nationalism was a driving force behind World War I. 14. 1697-1698-Peter the Great of Russia visits the west, and decides to ‘westernize’ Russia. Although he brought many great things to Russia, the forceful way with which he introduced these western ideas made many people distrustful of Western civilization. This distrust would never go away, and would fuel the Cold...
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...Chapter 38 The Bipolar World THE CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE No sooner had World War II reached its bloody finish than the world was thrust into an even more frightening conflagration. The United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies faced off in a fundamental struggle to shape the postwar world. It was a contest based on power politics, competing social and economic systems, and differing political ideologies that lasted over fifty years and touched every corner of the globe. A spiraling arms race eventually brought the world to the brink of nuclear apocalypse. While the war remained technically cold, the fear of a nuclear disaster made it feel very different to the peoples of the world. OVERVIEW The Formation of a Bipolar World Despite the lingering general animosity and mistrust that the Soviets and Americans shared, at the heart of the cold war was a fundamental disagreement between political, economic, and social systems. Capitalism and communism, at least in the minds of the superpowers, remained mutually exclusive. The United States attacked communism and backed, at least in theory, liberalism. Consequently, the United States criticized the Soviet record on human rights and the suppression of civil and religious institutions. In turn the Soviets, led by Nikita Khrushchev, were critics of the failings of laissez‐faire capitalism and the wide gulf between rich and poor in western European and especially the United States...
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... book Bismarck and the German Empire was wri.en by Erich Eyck, and the second one, simply titled Bismarck, was penned by Werner Richter. In the following, I am going to identify similarities and differences between two biographies of Bismarck and explain possible reasons for these. Authors’ Backgrounds In order to understand and analyze the authors’ perspectives, some pieces of basic information about the authors themselves need to be provided. Berlin native Erich Eyck practiced law before emigrating to England in 1937, where he published a three-‐‑volume biography of Bismarck during World War II.1 As the Jewish refugee was later invited to teach history at Oxford University, he summarized the extensive work for his series of...
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