thermosphere and the mesosphere is made of different type of atoms and molecules which are mixed together because of turbulence in the atmosphere. The lower layer of the thermosphere is made of familiar components such as nitrogen (80%) and oxygen (20%). In the upper layer of the thermosphere, the particle of gases collides with each other so frequently that they become separated into different chemical elements, depending on their composition. This molecule is also broken down by the ultraviolet and x-rays
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America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04 Table of Contents Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 2: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Chapter 3: Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . .9 Chapter 4: States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Chapter 5: Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chapter 6: Atomic Structure and Chemical
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chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules are called oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where redox reactions are separated in space or time, connected by an external electric circuit. Principles Oxidation and reduction The term "redox" stands for reduction-oxidation. It refers to electrochemical processes involving electron transfer to or from a molecule or ion changing its oxidation state. This reaction can occur
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Assumed Knowledge *Know the first 36 and common elements CONVENTION FOR REPRESENTING DATA * Physical quantity by the unit in parentheses: Mass (g), Pressure (Pa), ∆H (kJ mol-1), k (10-5 L mol-1 s-1) * Divide the physical quantity by the unit (better) Mass/g, pressure/Pa, ∆H/kJ mol-1, k/10-5 L mol-1s-1 or 105k/ L mol-1 s-1 * Volume: m3, dm3(L) and cm3(mL) * Temperature: 0oC = 273.15K * Pressure: Pascal (1Pa = 1 N m-2) which is very small pressure, kPa (103Pa), MPa (106Pa)
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fatty acid). Fatty Acids Almost all naturally occurring lipids yield fatty acids on hydrolysis. Some yield only one fatty acid per molecule while others may yield as many as three fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids. Fatty acids are compounds that are composed of an even numbered carbon chain of from about 4-20 carbon atoms in the length. They have a single carboxyl group and a long hydro-carbon chain which is the one responsible for the oily nature of the
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Atoms was not a miraculous discovery it took a long time and many scientists ideas for our understanding of atoms to get this far. The ideas from the following scientists that helped this discovery are Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick/Irene Curie, Niels Bohr, and ending with with the quantum model. Around 400 B.C. Democritus believed after hearing a guy named Leucippus he came to the conclusion that there had to be a basic building block for all matter. Democritus
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Greek era |Democritus |"by convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in reality atoms and void" | | |1704 |Isaac Newton |Proposed a mechanical universe with small solid masses in motion. | |1803 |John Dalton |Proposed an "atomic theory" with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable properties of mass. | |1832 |Michael Faraday |Studied the
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✓ APPLICATIONS Carbon from Latin: carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. There are several allotropes of carbon of which the best known are graphite
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More practice questions 1. (a) Energy change when each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms loses an electron (to form 1 mole of gaseous 1 ions). 3 (b) From Li N, ionisation energy increases number of protons/nuclear charge increases nuclear attraction increases / shell drawn in by increased nuclear charge/ atomic radius decreases across period, electrons added to same shell Not same subshell From Be B, ionisation energy decreases for B, electron is removed
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carbon based molecules * Life on our planet is carbon based * All life is carbon based, so to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well
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