CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds I. Introduction Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms called a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are the covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Covalent bonds are bonds in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Covalent bonds
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Protons; neutrons 2. electrons 3. neutrons 4. electrons 5. ionic 6. The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds 7. At atom becomes an ion when it gains or loses electrons 8. Electrons and protons are both subatomic particles; however, they have different charges and locations within the atom. 9. When atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, the structure that results is a molecule. 10. The property of radioactive isotopes that is useful for
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Coupling constant, J varies with dihedral angle Figure 9.15. Staggered and eclipsed conformations Vicinal Coupling (3J) For Vicinal protons value of coupling constant varies with dihedral angle. Vicinal protons are the protons separated by three bonds. Dihedral angle between two axial hydrogen is 180° while the axial equatorial and equatorial equatorial dihedral angles are both 60°. The coupling constant reaches a maximum when the dihedral angle is 180° i.e when the hydrogen is anti-periplanar with
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in a molecule of tetrodotoxin? What are the names of these elements? 0 Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen are the four elements found in 1 tetrodotoxin 3. What types of chemical bonds are found in this molecule? Describe the structure of those bonds. The chemical bond found in tetrodotoxin is a covalent bond, which are bonds that share electrons. 4. As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium
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density towards itself within a covalent bond o This depends on the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer shell, which depends on the balance between the nuclear charge and the distance between the nucleus and the bonding pairs plus the shielding effect of inner shells of electrons Melting and boiling points - Melting and boiling points involve weakening and breaking van der Waals forces only, the covalent bonds in the halogen molecules stay intact
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STRUCTURAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS I n this chapter we first briefly review the most important types of covalent bonds encountered in organic substances and the ways in which these bonds are represented in structural formulas. Next we consider the sizes and shapes of organic molecules and how structural formulas written in two dimensions can be translated into three-dimensional models that show the relative positions of the atoms in space. We also
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hydrochloric acid has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and photosensitization in workers. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may also cause dental discoloration and erosion. Hydrochloric Acid is a strong chemical compound. It is a powerful substance with many uses. The bonding in hydrochloric acid is the reason why it has a high The two elements making up hydrochloric acid are Hydrogen and Chlorine. Each molecule of hydrochloric acid is made up of one
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Chemistry of Life Matter is anything that occupies space. Matter is made of one or more elements. An element is the most pure form of matter. Elements are made of atoms. There are 111 elements and of these 92 are naturally occurring. Essential Elements About 25 elements are essential to life. These are called ‘essential elements’. 4 essential elements make up 96% of the human body. These are O, C, H and N. The other elements account for the remaining 4%. Trace Elements Certain elements
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molecules organic molecules!! 1. Salt (sea) water heated. Cold water H2O “sea” Sample for chemical analysis 4. “rain” condenses as cooled. Molecules collect in flask. 1 2/7/2014 Results of Miller Experiment O Found amino acids, hydrocarbons and other Carbon O The backbone of all ORGANIC molecules O 4 valence electrons O Forms up to four covalent bonds O Single or double bonds biological molecules that spontaneously formed, abiotically! O Versatility in attachable functional
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graphite is a bad thermal conductor but a good electrical conductor. This is one example of their property difference. The difference in their properties arises because of different arrangement of carbon atoms present in them. Basic physical and chemical properties of graphite and diamond to highlight their differences are as follows: Differences between Graphite and Diamond Physical Appearance: Graphite is opaque and metallic- to earthy-looking while diamonds are transparent and brilliant
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