INSTRUCTION SET The instruction set, also called instruction set architecture (ISA), is a part of the computer that pertains to programming, which is basically machine language. The collection of different instructions that the CPU can execute is referred to as the CPU’s instruction set. A machine instruction should contain the following elements: * Operation code: Specifies the operation to be performed. * Source operand reference: The reference to the operand should be there in the instruction
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Computer Architecture Lecture 1: Digital logic circuits The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. Digital computers use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit. A computer system is sometimes subdivided into two functional entities: hardware and software. The hardware of the computer consists of all the electronic components and electromechanical devices that comprise the physical entity of the device. Computer
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10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions What is an instruction set? - The complete collection of instructions that are understood by a CPU - is the part of the computer architecture related to programming, including the native data types, instructions, registers,addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external I/O. An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes (machine language), and the native commands implemented by a particular processor
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About the Tutorial Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer or other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM, etc. Audience This tutorial has been designed for those who want to learn the basics of assembly programming
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-Memory management -Software protection -Segmentation and paging -Large memory system(64Tbytes in virtual mode) Operating modes -Real mode -Protected mode -Virtual mode Internal architecture: There are 6 parallel functional units: -The bus unit: The bus interface unit provides a 32-bit data bus, a 32-bit address bus and control signals. 8-bit (byte), 16-bit (word) and 32-bit (double word) data transfers are supported. It has separate
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(1.12) Case Study #4 Original Values from Figure 1.26 Chip | # of cores | Clock Frequency (MHz) | Memory Performance | Dhrystone Performance | Athlon 64 X2 4800+ | 2 | 2400 | 3423 | 20718 | Pentium EE 840 | 2 | 2200 | 3228 | 18893 | Pentium D 820 | 2 | 3000 | 3000 | 15220 | Athlon 64 X2 3800+ | 2 | 3200 | 2941 | 17129 | Pentium 4 | 1 | 2800 | 2731 | 7621 | Athlon 64 3000+ | 1 | 1800 | 2953 | 7628 | Pentium 4 570 | 1 | 2800 | 3501 | 11210 | Processor X | 1 | 3000 | 7000 | 5000 |
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1 nop 2 stop 3 adi xx 4 subi xx 5 xri xx 6 ani xx 7 ori xx 8 cmi xx 9ret 16 17 add 18 sub 19 xor 20 and 21 or 22 cmp 23 movs 24 movd 25 movi xx 26 store 27 load 28 push 29 pop 30jmpd xx 37 38jmpr 45 for the Single-Bus Processor Architecture Action Op Code (Hex) No action 00 Exit the program 01 02 [AR] ← [AR] + xx 03 [AR] ← [AR] – xx 04 [AR] ← [AR] ⊕ xx 05 [AR] ← [AR] ∧ xx 06 [AR] ← [AR] ∨ xx [AR] – xx (Flags only) 07 [PC] ← [[SP]], [SP] ← [SP]+1 08 to 0F if = 1 10-1F (n:0-F) [AR]
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Assignment 4.1 Chapter 5 pg 135-138 2. Identify the addressing mode for each of the following? (A) MOV B,#34H IMMEDIATE (B) MOV A 50H DIRECT (C) MOV R2,07 REGISTER MODE (D) R3,#0 IMMEDIATE (E) MOV R7,0 REGISTER MODE (F) MOV R6,#7FH IMMIDIATE (G) MOV R0,A REGISTER MODE (H) MOV B,A (I) MOV A,@R0 INDIRECT MODE (J) MOV R7,A REGISTER MODE (K) MOV A,@R1 INDIRECT MODE 9. Which register are allowed to be used for indicated addressing mode when accessing data in RAM? 20. Write a program to generate
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DESIGNING SYNCHRONOUS FIFO AND ITS VERILOG IMPLEMENTATION IN HARDWARES Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement for the award of degree of bachelor of technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering [pic] School of Electronics Engineering KIIT UNIVERSITY Batch: 2008-2012, Group-8 Under the guidance of Mr. S.Padhi An End-Semester Project Report Submitted by: Akshay Prakash-804008 Avinash Kumar-804029 Ayush Bansal-804031 Barun Kumar-804034 Deepak
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General Objective: To know and understand the addressing mode and programming. Specific Objectives: At the end of the unit you should be able to: 4.1 classify and describe the addressing modes 4.2 explain the concept of programming 4.3 discuss the implementation structure of programming 0. INTRODUCTION Programming is a process of composing several instructions to perform certain tasks. The product of the programming is called a program which contains several
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