different groups of bank stakeholders, by discussing two papers. The first paper is a descriptive paper written by Berger, Herring, and Szego (2005), called “The Role of Capital in Financial Institutions”. The second paper, “Caught in Between Scylla and Charybdis? Regulating Bank Leverage When There Is Rent Seeking and Risk Shifting”, is a theoretical paper by Acharya, Mehran and Thakor (2013). Both articles examine agency conflicts between different bank stakeholders and how capital could be used to
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Proposition I without taxes is V = EBIT/rsU. Since both EBIT and rsU are constant, firm value is also constant and capital structure is irrelevant. With corporate taxes, Proposition I becomes V = Vu + TD. Thus, firm value increases with leverage and the optimal capital structure is virtually all debt. b. MM Proposition II states the relationship between leverage and cost of equity. Without taxes, Proposition II is rsL = rsU + (rsU – rd)(1 – T)(D/S). Thus, rs increases in a precise way as leverage increases
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unchanged. As the risk of bankruptcy increases, some customers may choose to buy from another company, which hurts sales. This in turn will decrease net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT), thus reducing FCF. Suppliers tighten their credit standards, which in turn reduces accounts payable and causes net operating working capital to increase, and reduces FCF. Therefore, the risk of bankruptcy can decrease FCF and reduce the value of the firm. Business Risk Business risk is the risk a firm’s common
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1.Capital structure A capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through the mix of equity, debt or hybrid securities. The optimal capital structure is the one in which, the market value of the firm is maximized when its cost of capital is minimized. The firm should adopt the EPS- EBIT approach to the capital structure. This approach involves selecting the capital structure that maximizes EPS (Earnings per share) over the expected range of EBIT (Earnings before interest
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limit. Therefore, this paper will strategize from the perspective of a financial manager who will turn a working capital problem into the chance to design a new credit policy, implement cash management models and introduce risk mitigation techniques. A credit policy that is too liberal will continue to cause damage to Lawrence Sports. Presently both receivables and payables are unsynchronized, which is putting undue financial distress on the firm, as well threatening supplier relationships that
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transaction costs. And at the same time, scientific studies of actual financial behavior have revealed that people consistently make certain mistakes because of lack of knowledge, faulty logic, cognitive dissonance, and biased statistics. The new science of finance has had a profound impact on the practice of institutional risk management.1 Sophisticated enterprisewide risk-management systems are widely used today by financial service firms and a growing number of nonfinancial companies (DeLoach
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unless all obligations toward debt holders for the specific period of time are met. Because of that, the cost of stock, rs goes up.[5] A high debt increases the risk of bankruptcy for a company, which might able to meet all payments. This risk of bankruptcy causes pre-tax cost of debt, rd, to increase.[6] In addition, increased risk of bankruptcy reduces ed free cash flow, which can be affected by legal costs of bankruptcy, “short sale” of assets, as well as decrease in sales, lost of customers
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following report contains a critical analysis of the capital structure strategy employed by Leighton Holdings Ltd during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and also an assessment of optimal capital structure Leighton should use to fund future investments. Examination of the changes of the capital structure of the company over pre-GFC and post-GFC period (2004-2010) reveals a range of considerations were deliberated in the financing decision; these include not only the capital
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Financial Leverage And Capital Structure Policy 0 Chapter Outline The Capital Structure Question The Effect of Financial Leverage Capital Structure and the Cost of Equity Capital M&M Propositions I and II with Corporate Taxes Bankruptcy Costs Optimal Capital Structure 1 Capital Restructuring We are going to look at how changes in capital structure affect the value of the firm, all else equal Capital restructuring involves changing the amount of leverage
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determined by its earning power and the risk of its underlying assets, and is independent from its corporate financing decisions. In fact, the MM theory provided conditions under which a firm’s financial decisions do not affect the value of the firm. The fundamental conditions under which a firm’s leverage becomes irrelevant to its market value, hence the MM proposition hold includes: * No taxation * No transaction costs exist * No default risk * Perfect and frictionless markets
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