1. What is the definition of a cytokine? Cytokines are a group of the multi-functional protein. In general, cytokines are produced by immune cells to communicate and operate the immune response mechanism. The cytokines are produced by different cell types, including lymphocytes (T and B), monocytes, and eosinophil. The cytokine binds to a specific receptor on the membrane for their target cells trigger the signal path inside cells and eventually lead to change gene expression of the target cell
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Foodborne Illnesses: Shigellosis Imagine, your guardian forgot to wash their hands before preparing your dinner, now you are not feeling so well. You may have contracted a foodborne illness. A common foodborne illness in America today is shigellosis. Shigellosis is a problematic foodborne illness, luckily it is easy to prevent, but can be hard to get rid of. Shigella is starting to become a worry in the United States. “In the United States, most Shigella is already resistant to the antibiotics
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A lot of infections can develop inside the mouth or around it. These infections can come about due to a wide number of reasons. Maybe they first started off with burns due to hot food but later turned into infections. Maybe bacterial levels spiked up due to your diet or failure to brush your teeth or use mouth wash at the right time. A lot of them look really nasty but aren’t all that serious. Some look quite harmless, but can actually pose a threat to your health by making you susceptible to infection
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palate, soft palate, tongue, tonsil, ulva, lips, et cetera. The mouth is a premier environment for bacteria to live because it has a warm climate. Also, when the hosts eats, they receive an appropriate amount of nutrients to survive. Following, to determine how many bacteria are in the mouth, researchers have measured the weight of all the bacteria on the teeth. The weight of the mentioned bacteria is 10 mg. But since the teeth are only 1/20 of all oral surfaces, the 10 mg is multiplied by 20 to
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which are proteins that help an enzyme get within a close vicinity of the substrate. When looking at both bacteria and eukaryotes this would be the idea of helping DNA compact and correct placement within the cell. A common anchoring protein in bacteria is racA. This is needed for formation of axial filaments which allows for the anchoring of the origin region to the cell
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Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and invade, erode, and destroy normal tissue. It has sadly affected many people. Damaged genes are the cause of this. Since mitosis - a process for cell division - and the cell cycle are controlled by genes, having damaged genes can cause the cell to go wrong. If it starts in just a single cell, it can replicate itself to make new cells that duplicate. In the cell cycle, cells can be in the G1 or G0 stage. Often cells leave G1 and enter G0 where
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E Coli is one of the three most deadly diseases in the world. It has a very high mortality and with thousands infected every year. It has had many major outbreaks since 1993. Due to how deadly it is, it is a huge topic to study by many biologists. E Coli has many different symptoms, causes, and preventions. E Coli has a large variety of symptoms. Some of the common symptoms out there include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. The infected person may also have a mild fever. Around 10
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of four zoonotic diseases in ticks from New Hampshire. Zoonotic diseases are pathogens that can be passed from animals to humans. DNA was extracted from ticks collected in New Hampshire and tested for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Rickettsia sp. These diseases are found all over the US, according to the CDC in 2010, Anaplasma phagocytophilum was reported to have 1761 cases, Babesia sp was reported
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violet, Iodine, 95% Ethanol, and Safranin).The bacteria that was used was a culture of Serratia marcescens and a mixed broth culture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Discussion After conducting the “Effectiveness of masks” experiment, the results from Figure 1 indicated that the mask was an effective barrier for a cough. According to Figure 1, the TSA plate on the right side (protected cough) did not display any form of bacteria growth after incubation. However, the TSA plate
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major micro-organisms. Major micro-organisms include bacteria, viruses and fungi. Bacteria are uni-cellular microorganisms and are categorised as prokaryotes, which means they have no nucleus present in their cell. The 4 common shapes and characteristics of bacteria are Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla and Vibrio. Cocci are spherical shaped, bacilli are rod shaped, Spirilla are spiral shaped and vibrio is comma shaped. The main structure features of bacteria include a capsule, cell wall, cytoplasm, naked circular
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