...using this term for them. There were many recruits waiting to be enlisted but black officers were hardly heard of. African Americans were eager to enlist as the army gave them the chance for social and economic prosperity something difficult to achieve in a society that was all but closed to them. Many knew nothing of the world outside the world beyond the city or plantation they had spent their whole life on. They could not go back now they were free but many did not have skills to go forward or a place to go. So many felt that the army would be a new home to others it was the adventure of being sent west to help tame an untamed wilderness. This could lead them to their great dream the dream of building a new life on their own land. The Buffalo Soldiers wore the same uniforms as the rest of the U.S. Army of the same time period. The only difference was due to delivery times. New uniforms and equipment were delivered in the order of the units. 1st Cavalry received the first shipments then the 2nd and so on. That meant that the 9th and 10th Cavalry received their uniforms and equipment after the other 8 units of Cavalry received theirs and the same with the 24th and 25th Infantry. This meant that it was usually about 4 years after a new uniform regulation came out before the 9th Cavalry, 10th Cavalry, 24th Infantry and 25th Infantry units received their new equipment. Among the soldiers attached to the 10th cavalry was Henry o. Flipper. He was the first...
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...Operation Market Garden took place during World War II between September 17th and 25th in 1944. It was fought in the Netherlands and Germany and was one of the largest airborne operations in history. The goal of Operation Market Garden was to secure the bridges across the rivers in Holland so that the Allied army could advance rapidly northwards into Germany, avoiding the Siegfried line. The plan consisted of two phases, codenamed: Market and Garden. Market consisted of airborne forces of the First Allied Airborne Army under the command of Lieutenant General Lewis Brereton to seize bridges and other terrain. Garden consisted of ground forces of the Second Army to move north led by XXX Corps under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks. If all went as planned for the Allies the war was expected to end by Christmas 1944. General Bernard Montgomery thought up the plan for this operation in the summer of 1944. The main objective of this bold operation was to cross the Rhine River and advance into northern Germany. General Montgomery’s plan “involved the seizure of bridges in Holland by the 101st and 82nd US and 1st British Airborne Divisions. Then the British 30 Corps could advance over them and cross the Rhine and its tributaries”1. The bridges were located at Eindhoven, Nijmegen, and Arnhem ranging from thirteen to sixty-two miles away. If successful, the plan would free Holland and outflank Germany’s frontier defenses making an armored drive into Ruhr possible1. Market Garden was...
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...Edward LeBar November 25th, 2009 HIST 017 Prof: Dan Hambly History of Warfare: Essay Assignment The two key individual advancements of weaponry in warfare that I believe were most relevant to the change in warfare tactics were the Spears used by the Ancient Greek and Macedonian Phalanx (300 B.C.E) and the Long Bow used by the British (1300-1500 AD). Each of these weapons made a huge impact in warfare upon being developed and changed the course of history of their armies who wielded these weapons of excellence. Each weapon was wielded by soldiers slaying millions of people during many glorious historical battles still taught to students around the globe today about their importance to warfare. “One of the earliest, and certainly the deadliest of these first purpose-made weapons, was the spear” (Weir, 2005). The spear was developed in early known warfare, and had an impact when the Ancient Greeks wielded the spear in their battles. The Spear was a simple weapon to make as it consisted of a wooden poll 6 to 8 feet in length with a sharp piercing arrowhead attached to the end capable of puncturing any enemy armor. The Ancient Greek’s developed the spear to be able to attack an enemy from a longer range than the sword and used the spear with tactics and coordination with a Hoplon shield protecting the Hoplite soldier which was later called a Phalanx. The spear proved to be very useful to the Greek Phalanx providing the Greek’s with many victories with this particular weapon...
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...empires. Militarism (Arms Race) - the attempt to build up a strong army and navy gave nations the means and will to make war. Alliances - in 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. This alarmed, France, Britain and Russia. By 1907, they had all joined the Triple Entente. Europe was divided into two armed camps, to help each other if there was a war. The Treaty of London was crucially important because by the terms of the 1839 treaty, Britain promised to defend Belgium. 'Expanding the German navy' was the aspect of German policy which probably frightened Britain most. Path to war 1. Boer War 1899-1902 - Germany opposed Britain's attempt to defeat the Boers in South Africa. 2. First Moroccan crisis 1905-1906 - Kaiser Wilhelm promised to support the sultan of Morocco against France's attempts to take over the country. 3. 'Daily Telegraph' article 1908 - In a newspaper interview, Kaiser Wilhelm said the English were mad and the Germans hated them. This caused great offence in Britain. 4. Bosnia 1908 -Austria annexed Bosnia in the Balkans. This annoyed Serbia, which wanted to take over the area. Russia wanted to help Serbia, but had to back down. 5. Dreadnought crisis 1909 -Scared by the growing German navy, the British people demanded that the government build eight of the new Dreadnought battleships. 6. Agadir 1911 -There was a revolution in Morocco, so France sent an army to take over. Kaiser Wilhelm sent the gunship 'Panther', but Britain...
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...the medieval knights. In his book, La Chevalerie, Leon Gautier wrote the ten commandments of chivalry which were the following: 1. Believe the Church’s teachings and observe all the Church’s directions, 2. Defend the Church, 3. Respect and defend the weak, 4. Love your country, 5. Do not fear your enemy, 6. Show no mercy and do not hesitate to make war with the infidel, 7. Perform all your feudal duties as long as they do not conflict with the laws of God, 8. Never lie or go back on one’s word, 9. Be generous, 10. Always and everywhere be right and good against evil and injustice (author, page). The knights were soldiers on horseback. They were soldiers that underwent years of training. They were highly respectable, intelligent and agile fighters. They wore full armor and used swords as weapons. They were once the best soldiers an army could have but the Battle of Agincourt changes every aspect of medieval warfare. With these knightly qualities in mind one can examine the actions that occurred in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. This very well-known battle was a major turning point in the history of the code of chivalry. The battle of Agincourt was a noteworthy event in history where the smaller force beats the stronger force. It is considered the greatest victory of the English King Henry V. The underdog of the battle was England. It was a small army composed of archers and men-at-arms both with and...
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...In the history books, The Battle of Somme is considered a turning point that eventually brought about the end of The Great War, the First World War. It came at a staggeringly high cost to both sides. In terms of casualties, it was the single bloodiest battle during the war, lasting over a period of 4 months. Overconfidence in the precursor artillery bombardment to lighten the German defenses before the main offensive, and poor execution of fires, ratcheted up the number of casualties the British would sustain before the Somme Offensive came to a conclusion several months later. This paper examines the pre battle preparations, the battle itself, and the aftermath of the battle, with a particular focus on the artillery’s role and effectiveness...
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...the books there weren't many Bolsheviks in the Army, the few Bolshevik soldiers that came in to replace people at the front, as well as the general concept that the soldiers were not happy with their situation, made it so that the Bolsheviks had a lot of support. Even if they didn't necessarily have a lot of members....
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...Mercy Otis Warren Mercy Otis Warren, “also known as “Conscience of the American Revolution” (New World Encyclopedia, par. 1), was “born on September 25th, 1728” (American Revolution, par. 1) in West Barnstable Massachusetts. Out of thirteen the thirteen children Mercy Otis was the eldest. James Otis, Mercy’s father, who was born in 1702 and died in 1778. Her mother, Mary Allyne Otis, “was a descendant of Edward Doty who was a passenger on the Mayflower.” (American Revolution, par. 5) Mary was born in the year 1702 and died in 1774. James Otis was a farmer, merchant, lawyer and had served as a judge for the Barnstable County Court of Common Pleas. The Otis’s had come to the country around 1630-1640 and had first stayed in Hingham. They were one of the prominent families of Cape Cod. Though Mercy was not able to be schooled like her brothers she was able to be in the room when they had their private lessons. Since she was young she was into history. She enjoyed reading, drawing, and doing needle work. “Her brother James Otis Jr., became her advisor and companion in literature pursuits.” (American revolution. Par. 3) Mercy and her brother had a strong relationship which couldn’t be weakened. James Otis Jr. was the one where the...
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...Significant events Many battles were fought in World War 1 and many lessons were learnt. Whether it is the advancements of technology or the new war tactics. Three of these kind of events stand out: the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, which is important as its failure influenced many countries who participated in the battles. The battle of Verdun which was the longest battle in WW1. And finally the US entering the war which, although happened towards the end of the war, influenced the battles and the decision making around the war. After the examination of these events, the most influential event of WW1 will be established and further proved to be the significant turning point in WW1. The first turning point in World War 1 is the British Campaign at Gallipoli in 1915. This campaign was important because it improved the morale of the British public, it allowed grain to more easily flow to Russia, and it kept Russia in the war, which was needed in order for the Allies to win. On November 25th 1914, Winston Churchill suggested his plan for a new war front in the Dardanelles to the British government’s War Council. On January 15th 1915, the War Council gave its agreement and British troops in Egypt were put on alert. The Central Powers were fighting primarily on two fronts – the Western and Eastern Fronts. Creating another front would force the Germans to split their army still further as they would need to support the badly rated Turkish army. When the Germans went to assist the Turks, that...
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...2006 WWI: The Battle of Meuse-Argonne World War 1 had begun in 1914, in response to an assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand who was the heir to the throne of Austria. He was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist that triggered the countries of Austria, France, Germany, Russia, and Serbia to declare war between each other. France was soon invaded by the Germans who were trying to capture the city of Paris, and eventually were pushed back by the resilient forces of the French Armies. With the fierce fighting between the two countries and numerous other battles that has taken place, the United States eventually entered the war in 1917 due to the “Zimmerman note” and several sinking of U.S. cargo ships. Was the battle of the Meuse-Argonne necessary for the stability of the European nation? What was the American’s role in accomplishing peace in the region? The American allies, both the French and British, presumed that the U.S. was not able to muster, train, and equip a large force to effectively fight the enemy. The French’s plan was to try and bolster their sagging morale from all the fighting that they requested an American Division be sent to show their support in the war. The French offered to help train but were cautious because they wanted the Americans to eventually have their own army. The British on the other hand wanted the Americans to be trained, equipped and integrated with the British armies. Both plans were weighed and was determined and rejected...
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...The Consequences of Eliminating Rock Mining in South Florida Carlos Socarras Professor – Karen Nead English-135 December 1, 2008 The reason I chose this topic for my research paper is because I feel that it is critical to help educate you a little on the importance of rock mining in South Florida and the consequences that we will endure without this local resource. Throughout this paper you will see me make reference to Titan Americas Pennsuco facility. This is mostly because I am currently employed by them and have been working in the Pennsuco cement plant for over nineteen years now, so I have managed to learn a lot of its history through time and experience. Another reason is the fact that as a fellow employee the ruling to eliminate rock mining in Florida directly affects me mainly because this decision would put me out of a job. I would first like to begin by giving you a brief history of the Pennsuco land and how Titan America acquired the facility, so that you can have a better understanding of the issues that we are currently experiencing. In the early 1900s, Pennsylvania Sugar Co., which is where the term “Pennsuco” came from was one of several companies that obtained large acreages and planted sugar cane on the drained “muck land” of the Florida Everglades. Operations were good until the Great Depression of the 1930s hit the sugar market. Today the Pennsuco cement plant is located on the former Pennsuco sugar Farms property. (Cement Americas, 2005) ...
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...History of David Brearley David Brearley was born June 11, 1745 in Spring Grove, New Jersey. He was 1 of 5 children born to an unwealthy family. His father David Brearley, Sr. was a landowner. He attended Princeton College of New Jersey but did not graduate. He chose law as his career and practiced in Allentown, New Jersey where he took on Public Security and Interests Law as his profession. He married Elizabeth Mullen in 1767 who died in 1777 and remarried to Elizabeth Higbee in 1783. He was the father of 4 children. He was backed by the Revolutionary cause and was arrested by the British for High Treason, but the Patriots freed him by an angry mob who stormed the prison. In 1776 David Brearley became part of the Constitutional Convention...
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...The Empire of Japan during WW2 The Empire of Japan during World War two seen great victories and expanding territories it also seen dramatic defeat. “At the height of its power in 1942, the Empire of Japan ruled over a land area spanning 2,857,000 square miles, making it one of the largest maritime empires in history (Colin, 1998).” It was the first and only nation to endure the atomic bomb twice. During this paper we will look at the rise and fall of the Japanese Empire. What kind of Government ran this nation? Was their economy a strong or weak economy at the start of the war and how did the war affect it? How did their military operate? The Empire of Japan’s government was a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. To better understand the dynamics of the Government during WW2 you have to travel back to the Meiji Restoration in 1868. “The Meiji Restoration was the political revolution that brought about the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate (a feudal military government which existed between 1603 and 1868) and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009).” Although, at the start of the Second World War the emperor did not have complete control of the government. The Emperor was the supreme ruler and head of state but the prime minister was the actual head of government. The Emperor was worshipped like a god similar to the Pharos of Egypt during ancient times. “Emperor Hirohito was the emperor from...
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...AN ESSAY ON 723 SQN, HMAS ALBATROSS By Midshipman K.S. Penman INTRODUCTION 1. HMAS Albatross based in Nowra, NSW, is the largest operational Naval establishment and retains the title of the only Naval Air Station. It is home to three Naval air operational squadrons, 723 Squadron (SQN), 808 SQN and 816 SQN. These squadrons collectively provide The Fleet with air support in times of conflict and humanitarian aid. Albatross is also home to the Fleet Air Museum, formerly named as Australia’s Museum of Flight. 2. This report will briefly examine one of the three operational squadrons currently based at HMAS Albatross, 723 SQN. More specifically the history of the squadron, the aircraft that were once stationed there pertaining to a specific period and the purpose the squadron currently provides to the Fleet's Air Arm. AIRCRAFT AND SQUADRON HISTORY 3. The origin of the squadron was formed in England as a Royal Navy Squadron on the 21st November 1944. It was one month later where the squadron embarked for passage to Australia. On the 28th February...
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...Throughout American History, there has been 45 presidents. William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States. Unfortunately, he was assassinated six months into his second term. He was born on January 29, 1843 in Niles, Ohio. McKinley grew up in a structured household. His youth was hard work and prayers. He learned his hard work from his father because he was an iron foundry. He learned his prayers from his mother because she was a religious women. McKinley attended Allegheny College for one term. During the Civil war, he enlisted in the Union Army and after the war, McKinley studied law and opened his own practice. McKinley entered politics as a Republican and he became a congressman from Ohio in 1876. He served as chair of the...
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