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Estefy Mitre
Prof. Touzeau
French IV
12 Septembre 2014 Qu’est-ce que la démocratie ?
“Le gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple, et pour le peuple” ~Abraham Lincoln. Le mot “démocratie” est dérivé d’un terme grec composé des mots démos qui signifie personnes et kratos qui signifie autorité ou pouvoir. Les premières démocraties ont vu le jour à Athènes et dans d’autres villes grecques. Démocratie peut se traduire littéralement comment gouvernement du peuple ou gouvernement de la majorité. Dans un pays démocratique, tous les citoyens ont le droit de participer, de près ou de loin, aux décisions qui les touchent. Parmi les 193 pays reconnus par les Nations Unies, il y a 123 démocraties. Le calcul est basé sur 60 critères regroupés en cinq catégories : le processus électoral et le pluralisme, les libertés civiles, le fonctionnement du gouvernement, la participation politique, la culture politique. Dans un etat démocratique, tous les citoyens sont égaux devant la loi.
Dans ce système , il y a trois pouvoirs: Le Législatif, qui est responsable de proposer et voter des lois; L’exécutif, qui a le pouvoir d’appliquer la loi; et Le Judiciaire, qui a le pouvoir de promulguer la loi. Il est essential dans les démocraties de établir une séparation des pouvoirs pour que la justice soit autonome et indépendante. C’est la Constitution d’un pays qui fixe la manière dont le pouvoir est reparti entre les différents organes et quelles compétences leur sont respectivement attribuées.
Dans une démocratie, le pluralisme est considéré et appliqué comme une forme d’ordre social et politique. Dans le pluralisme, il y a un grand nombre de groupements et d’associations librement formes comment: de nature politique, économique, religieuse, ethnique ou autre. L’ensemble de ces groupements constitue la société civile. Dans les sociétés respectant le pluralisme, il existe, parallèlement à la société civile qui exerce une influence socio-politique ou économique, des groupements qui aspirent directement à des fonctions électives; les partis politiques. En général, ce sont des personnes qui partagent les mêmes idéaux qui se regroupent pour créer un parti politique et pour intégrer leur proposition de programme en politique. Dans une société plurielle, la création de partis politiques est libre, ce qui signifie que chacun a le droit de créer un parti. Chaque citoyen peut intégrer librement et ouvertement un parti politique. Les valeurs fondamentales de la démocratie sont: la justice, l’égalité, la solidarité, la tolérance, le pluralisme, consideration des minorités, la non-violence, le dialogue, les négociations entre autres.
Norvège, Suède, Finlande sont les trois pays les plus démocratiques du monde suivis par la Suisse, le Danemark, les Pays-Bas, l’Allemagne, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l’Autriche et la Belgique. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Norvège a connu une expansion économique rapide, et compte aujourd'hui parmi les pays le plus riche du monde et avec une politique sociale très développée. La politique en Suisse est d'un état fédéral comportant trois niveaux politiques : la Confédération, les cantons et les communes. La Suisse se caractérise par une démocratie semi-directe. Après sa dernière guerre en 1814, la Suède connaît la paix, adoptant une politique de non-alignement en temps de paix et de neutralité en temps de guerre. La Finlande est une démocratie parlementaire. Elle est un pays neutre depuis 1955.
Je pense que la démocratie est importante parce-qu’elle donne aux gens une voix pour parler et participer. Aussi, elle nous donne le droit à la liberté, l'égalité des chances, et de la sécurité. Mais elle n’est pas égale pour la minorité.

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