...hundreds of years. Still, however changed, the values of today's society remain from the period of Regency England. Regency England, being the super power of the world in the 18th century, imposed the morals and ethics upon the world as they did their own country, where people were expected to abide by. Jane Austen illustrates the values of this prejudiced society through Pride and Prejudice, which involved the role of women as a major, governing over their marriages for economic sustainability and their lack of authority. Austen's controversial novel was adapted into a feature film which presented the real and gritty society as how it truly was during the time of Regency England; before the adaptation was released, Austen's work was paralleled in 20th century India as the transformation, Bride and Prejudice. These films realise for their audience the significance of Regency England to the forming of modern society's own values, and how it became the foundation of such principles with their own being the role of women. In the late 18th century England, women were demoted to secondary roles in society with respect to property and social responsibilities through the many laws and morals binding women's rights. Rather than being capable of owning property, women were subjected with the role of marrying for economic sustainability. By remaining true to the novel, Pride and Prejudice (film) supported this view throughout the film during the scenes such as immediately after Elizabeth Bennet...
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...Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Michelle E. Raines Lindenwood University Abstract This paper reconnoiters the reasoning behind prostitution, focusing mainly on the motives of an 18th century woman. The goal of this research is to provide readers with an explanation of why women resorted to prostitution for freedom. The paper will arrange for you primary sources supporting that prostitution plateaued because of lack of expression, racism, and feminism during the 18th century. The business of prostitution was so important to our society because it allowed women to join the workforce. Unfair treatment spawned one of the greatest highlights of women in this era that this paper will display for you. Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Prostitution is recorded as beginning in 1721 when the French government sent women to the colony so the settled men would refrain from having sex with the Native Americans. These women had found that sex trade created them more freedom/independence instead of marriage. Soon after, the red-light district was formed to segregate the prostitutes. The act of selling sex was not illegal in the US and the law had not known the term “prostitution”. The law had no understanding of what to do, women were still social outcasts and officials looked for petty crimes to target these certain women. So we ask why these women turned to prostitution; freedom was sought through sexual acts due to the...
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...“consumers” regarding what goods to buy and why to buy them in an increasingly commercialized environment. Among Marxist thinkers especially, what happened has been linked to exploitation under industrial capitalism. Consumerism has been associated with the growth of industrial capitalism in Europe from the 18th century and its global spread thereafter – a development that was accompanied by economies of scale and increases in production and productivity. Such increases were sustained by growth in demand, both in the immediate neighbourhood of centres of production and further a-field. Improvements in technology and extensive use of the division of labour enabled manufacturers to produce on a large scale for “wants”, “needs” and “fashions”. Commercialisation of leisure and the penetration by innovative manufacturers, of religious practices, public health, and education reinforced the habits of acquisition and increasing “consumption”. In European society, in these circumstances, availability of goods ceased to be a substantial problem. Rather, more important were means to ensure that they were in demand and “consumed”. If this was not achieved, “gluts” and economic depressions would take place, affecting employer and employee alike. On the other hand, the regular use of commercial methods to make goods desirable, some argued, encouraged an obsession with purchase and consumption – often distorting habits of discretion and a sense of proportion. The consequence would...
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...g. magnetic levitation trains are not probably here without the knowledge brought to us by Michael Faraday, for his electromagnetic induction principle. Looking back to in different times is an utmost privilege to the extent that, one is able to know how that particular time contributes and plays a significant role to present and future. Moreover, one has the chance to reflect and evaluate what was that particular time all about and to consider the greatest innovation e.g. technology known to it. The economic phenomenon known as the Industrial Revolution is one of two fundamental transformations of the economic environment in human civilization (the other was the introduction of agriculture). Industrialization first took shape in the late 18th century in Western Europe, particularly Britain. During the first decades of the 19th century, its features quickly spread to places like France, Germany, Belgium, and the United States. In the first years of the 20th century, it spread to places outside of Europe...
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...A.P. EUROPEAN HISTORY FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE Renaissance/Reformation Scientific Revolution • Characteristics of Humanism/how it spread - Theories of Copernicus, Newton • Roles for women - Rulers support of scientific academies • Calvin’s teachings • Attitudes toward Anabaptists Economics • Goals of Protestant princes - mercantilism • Opposition to Spanish rule in UPN - decline of Hanseatic League • Places where major faiths co-existed - causes of 16th century inflation - Changes in Russian serfs status in 17th & 18th centuries Absolutism - purpose of “putting out” system Attitudes toward the Edict of Nantes - theories of Adam Smith Thomas Hobbes & Jacques Bossuet - 18th & 19th centuries’ standard of living Constitutional nations in 17th century improvements Factors supporting French absolutism Factors in decline of Sweden Cromwell’s invasion of Ireland 18th Century Results of the Thirty Years’ War - Partitions of Poland -Enlightened Despots’ achievements/ Reforms 19th Century - Britain’s foreign policy concerns Attitudes toward the Corn Laws - Peasant demands in French Revolution Goals of liberals, nationalists - Lasting changes of French Revolution Support for Greek independence - Critics of the French Revolution Theories of Thomas Malthus - Achievements of women in French Luddites Revolution Influences...
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...This assignment traces the history of Human Resource Management from the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century to present times. The assignment discusses key periods and movements in this field and expands on their contribution to modern Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management can be described as "The comprehensive set of managerial activities and tasks concerned with developing and maintaining a qualified workforce - human resources - in ways that contribute to organisational effectiveness." (DeNisi and Griffin) A HISTORICAL REVIEW. The Industrial Revolution. The momentum for the industrial revolution grew through the 17th century. Agricultural methods were continually improving, creating surpluses that were used for trade. In addition, technical advances were also occurring, for example the Spinning Jenny and the Steam Engine. These advances created a need for improved work methods, productivity and quality that led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Adam Smith. In 1776, Adam Smith wrote about the economic advantages of the division of labour in his work The Wealth of Nations. Smith (1776) proposed that work could be made more efficient through specialisation and he suggested that work should be broken down into simple tasks. From this division he saw three advantages: - the development of skills - time saving - the possibility of using specialised tools. Smith's suggestions led to many changes in manufacturing...
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...John Ryan 2.00 pm class Industrial Revolution paper During the period from the early 18th century to the mid 19th century people experienced many changes that had an impact on their lives such as technical advance, development of transport, trade, better organization of output or new financial structures. All these achievements happened spontaneously and were not planned. Economy was in process of rapid change and it gave many opportunities for people to gain wealth as well as social advancement. Almost every aspect of people’s lives was influenced in some way. This essay would like to argue that there were many innovations during this era; however, the biggest changes that people went through were industrialization and trade. Industrialization stalled the manual labour and set off the machine-based manufacturing. This major shift was closely associated with new rules for workers who had to adapt to new system. Furthermore, free trade became a phenomenon that brought profit and gave domestic workers job opportunities. Industrialization was one of the major aspects during the Industrial Revolution. It brought changes in organization of production, managerial oversight and relationship between employer and labourer had changed as well. Old relationship between master and his worker disappeared because now hundreds of workers were employed in the company. Because the industrialization was new for everybody, there were no experienced workers. Therefore everybody could learn...
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...CHAPTER III: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE LITERATURE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT (18th century) The 17th century was one of the most stormy periods of English history. The growing contradictions between the new class, the bourgeoisie, and the old forces of feudalism brought about the English Bourgeois Revolution in the 1640s. As a result of the revolution the king was dethroned and beheaded and England was proclaimed a republic. Though very soon monarchy was restored, the position of the bourgeoisie had changed. The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a capitalist country. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another. Small towns grew into large cities. The industrial revolution began: new machinery was invented that turned Britain into the first capitalist power of the world. While in France the bourgeoisie was just beginning its struggle against feudalism, the English bourgeoisie had already become one of the ruling classes. The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. Isaac Newton’s discoveries in the field of physics, Adam Smith’s economic theories, the philosophical ideas of Hobbes, Locke and others enriched the materialistic thought and implanted in people’s minds belief in great powers of man’s intellect. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too: portraiture reached its peak in the works of William Hogarth,...
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...Consumerism Term 3, Lecture 1 Now, consumerism is more widespread than before. Before- What you produce determines who you are and how people look at you Now- Consumption= what is consumed, when it is consumed and how much, determines who you are and how people look at you 2. The roots of consumerism Began towards the end of the 18th century Sugar, tea, coffee- consumerist products With these consumerist products, came the associated pieces (cups, coffee cups, saucers, coffee shops) Consumerism= caused by increased prosperity. As people earn more, they consume more. Social, political and economic revolutions changed people- from this comes consumerism Consumerism becomes feminized- focuses on what goes on in the homes. Which is a woman’s job After consumerism (18th century), women are seen as more beautiful. Before, men were seen more beautiful. Thus women buy more to make themselves more beautiful. Men started to go shopping, as a fun activity. This was not the case before consumerism came along. 3. The growth on consumerism Uneven geographically- consumerism more in urban areas than rural areas a) changes in retailing(shops) changes in retailing boosts consumerism = department stores advertisement boosts consumerism = first in America Peasant societies don’t produce consumerism Changes in media boosts consumerism= radio Kleptomania= compulsion to steal...
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... Her marriage symbolizes the unfortunate fate of British women at that time. Key words: Charlotte, marriage, middle-class women, symbolism II. The reasons for Charlotte’s marriage Personal reasons The personal reasons for Charlotte married to Collins are quite embarrassing. First of all, Charlotte was far from beautiful and wealthy. Without wealth, women could not be independent. Thus, she was forced to get married and got a support. Secondly, she has already reached the age of marriage. She was too old to wait for very romantic and wealthy gentlemen. Thus, she had no way to go but seized the chance to marry Collins, who was willing to marry her and gave her economic support. That was what Charlotte needed most. B. Social reasons In Britain of early 19th century, women have no independent economic status and income. Their property inheritance is limited by law. On the other hand, women were not supposed to work outside because men and women worked together would do harm to women’s moral. Under the influence, if women did try to work outside, they will be looked down upon, “because of the stigma attached to women who earn money through working.” (Swords 77)Thus marriage is the only means they get...
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...Introduction The fashion industry has undergone many changes within textile production.. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain towards the end of the 18th century. The Industrial Revolution was changing domestic work into factory work, this was transitioning the world on a new innovative way on how to produce and manufacture clothes. The use of machinery were replaced the old use of hand crafting garments. During the 18th century production, distribution and acquisitions were developed and also the development of steam power, this showed how clothes move from country to country. Fashion was able to become accessible to a large number of consumers, allowing more people to get garments that were produced in the factories. Isaac Singer was the man who created the world’s first sewing machine in 1851, New York. The objective of this essay is to demonstrate how ‘Fashion has reflected Social, Cultural, Political, Economic and technological changes since the Industrial Revolution.’ This essay will include how Social and Cultural changes have been made since the Industrial Revolution. Main Body Social Changes and Cultural Changes. Before the industrial revolution came along, most goods were made in small, cramped workshops or in the comfort of people's homes. This was called the domestic system, Factories were commonly built near rivers, so that water power could be used to run the machines. People started to leave the country and the farms to go into the main cities...
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...Expectations Regarding Literary Masterpieces ENG/106 March 31, 2014 Expectations Regarding Literary Masterpieces Coming in to a new class can be a daunting experience, especially when one does not know what to expect. It can also be an exciting experience, especially when one has a special fondness for the subject being taught. As a psychology major, ENG/106 is not a required class. As a bibliophile, there was no question that I would use the need to fulfill an elective requirement as a reasonable excuse to take this class. There are many preconceived notions around the study of literary masterpieces, and some people have a hard time pushing past the bitter memories of stuffy high school English teachers and 30 page book reports on Crime and Punishment to be worked on over summer vacation. I am lucky enough to have had a wonderful experience with the classics, and my expectations for ENG/106 come from a place of fondness, respect, and genuine awe. With that being said, there is more to understanding literary masterpieces than simply enjoying a good read; one should also recognize the preconceived notions that often come with the subject, as well as have an understanding of why literary masterpieces are important and how they influence modern society. My Experiences and Expectations My experience with literary masterpieces began at age seven when I first read Charlotte’s Web. While that may not be considered a literary...
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...social, political, cultural and technological context of late 19th and early 20th century capitalism with more visible roots in the social transformations of 16th, 17th and 18th century Europe. The consumer society emerged in the late seventeenth century and intensified throughout the eighteenth century. While some[who?] claim that change was propelled by the growing middle-class who embraced new ideas about luxury consumption and the growing importance of fashion as an arbiter for purchasing rather than necessity, many critics[who?] argue that consumerism was a political and economic necessity for the reproduction of capitalist competition for markets and profits, while others point to the increasing political strength of international working class organizations during a rapid increase in technological productivity and decline in necessary scarcity as a catalyst to develop a consumer culture based on therapeutic entertainments, home ownership and debt. The more positive, middle-class view argues that this revolution encompassed the growth in construction of vast country estates specifically designed to cater for comfort and the increased availability of luxury goods aimed at a growing market. This included sugar, tobacco, tea and coffee; these were increasingly grown on vast plantations in the Caribbean as demand steadily rose. In particular, sugar consumption in Britain[8] during the course of the 18th...
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...“consumers” regarding what goods to buy and why to buy them in an increasingly commercialized environment. Among Marxist thinkers especially, what happened has been linked to exploitation under industrial capitalism. Consumerism has been associated with the growth of industrial capitalism in Europe from the 18th century and its global spread thereafter – a development that was accompanied by economies of scale and increases in production and productivity. Such increases were sustained by growth in demand, both in the immediate neighbourhood of centres of production and further a-field. Improvements in technology and extensive use of the division of labour enabled manufacturers to produce on a large scale for “wants”, “needs” and “fashions”. Commercialisation of leisure and the penetration by innovative manufacturers, of religious practices, public health, and education reinforced the habits of acquisition and increasing “consumption”. In European society, in these circumstances, availability of goods ceased to be a substantial problem. Rather, more important were means to ensure that they were in demand and “consumed”. If this was not achieved, “gluts” and economic depressions would take place, affecting employer and employee alike. On the other hand, the regular use of commercial methods to make goods desirable, some argued, encouraged an obsession with purchase and consumption – often distorting habits of discretion and a sense of proportion. The consequence would...
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...Theatre History Many general characteristics of eighteenth century English comedy are clearly visible in The School for Scandal. Setting The Theatre There were many innovations in scenery, lighting, and costumes during this period. Possibly the most significant innovation was the enlarging of the theatres. This resulted in a difficulty for the audience in the back of the theatre to have a clear view of the action upon the stage and the hearing of certain scenes was rendered more than difficult. Consequently, actors had to adapt to the altered conditions, and their performances became louder and more vibrant. The stage lighting was bright, as most attention was focused on the actors and what they were doing. There was a very close link between the actor and the audience at the time. Many plays of the time include direct-address conventions such as asides, a presentational mode that permits an actor to share his thoughts and feelings with the audience. Theatres in the 18th century had stages with huge aprons which made it possible for an actor to play quite close to the audience, so he could deliver an aside as a thought shared with the public. It was not difficult for an actor to achieve confidentiality, but it did require considerable skill and practice on his or her part to seem confidential and yet reach out to everyone in the auditorium. The period saw an increased activity in the preparation of new scenes. Instead of the stock scenery of former times, fresh...
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