...“Ethnicity is still too often portrayed by the mass media in ways that reinforce stereotypes” To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing, these can be gender specific or towards a specific race. Stuart Hall (1978) conducted research and found that between August 1972 and August 1973 there were at least reports of 60 muggings in national newspapers and that there had been a reported increase of 129%. He states that the media was attempting to cause a moral panic to create fear in the public and Black people were the folk devils in which the moral panic was based around. He argues two reasons for the cause of this moral panic: The state and the ruling class were suffering a ‘crisis of hegemony’ and that there was a decline in the dominance of the ruling class due to ‘Black Power’ demonstrations, the oil crisis and strikes and power cuts. The second reason was the ruling classes needed to regain control and making mugging a moral panic achieved this by portraying violent crimes as a threat to society, which lead to the justified use of a police crackdown, muggers were portrayed as black and justified the targeting of black people by police. Hall also explains how the labelling of black people as criminals then leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy as they are stopped and searched more and arrested more, making them appear in official statistics...
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...crises have been pervasive phenomena throughout history. Bordo et al. (2001) find that their frequency in recent decades has been double that of the Bretton Woods Period (1945-1971) and the Gold Standard Era (1880-1993), comparable only to the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 came as a great surprise to most people. What initially was seen as difficulties in the US subprime mortgage market, rapidly escalated and spilled over to financial markets all over the world. The crisis has changed the financial landscape worldwide and its costs are yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to concisely survey the literature on financial crises. Despite its severity and its ample effects, the current crisis is similar to past crises in many dimensions. In a recent series of papers, Reinhart and Rogoff (2008a, 2008b, 2009) document the effects of banking crises using an extensive data set of high and middle-to-low income countries. They find that systemic banking crises are typically preceded by credit booms and asset price bubbles. This is consistent with Herring and Wachter (2003) who show that many financial crises are the result of bubbles in real estate markets. In addition, Reinhart and Rogoff find that crises result, on average, in a 35% real drop in housing prices spread over a period of 6 years. Equity prices fall 55% over 3 ½ years. Output falls by 9% over two years, while unemployment rises 7% over a...
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...Disorder Specific Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Interventions – WHM-M-030 Introduction The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current theory and empirical literature for using a transdiagnostic approach in cognitive behaviour therapy and it’s relevance in current practice. I will discuss the theory and evidence for using a transdiagnostic approach and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered...
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...How did the Great Depression occur? A Review of the Literature Khair Chibly New Jersey City University This paper was prepared for ESL English Composition 2, taught by Professor Monroe. How did the Great Depression occur? A Review of the Literature The Great Depression The Great Depression was a downfall of the U.S. economy which had gone into a terrible period six months earlier and has been said to have started with a shattering collapse of the stock market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. Furthermore, throughout the next three years stock prices in the United States continued to fall, until in late 1932 they had decreased to about 20 percent of their worth in 1929. Ruining many thousands of investors, this swift decline in the price of the assets worried banks and other financial institutions, mainly those who hold stocks in their portfolios. In addition, many banks were forced to be ruin and by 1933, 11,000 of the United States' 25,000 banks had fallen. The failure of so many banks, combined with a general and nationwide loss of confidence in the economy, led to bring down the levels of spending, demand and later of production. The result was enormously falling production and rising unemployment and by 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 54 percent of its 1929 level, and unemployment had risen to between 12 and 15 million workers. Cochran (1968) reported that “By this time it was clear that the decline in the economy was accentuated...
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...Working Paper Series Fall of Lehman Brothers – reasons why the failure could not be stopped Arif Ahmed South Asian Management Technologies Foundation August, 2011 1 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Background....................................................................................................................................... 4 Genesis of the Problem .................................................................................................................... 5 The Abettors of Failure..................................................................................................................... 9 Controls that failed ......................................................................................................................... 12 Preventing another Lehman........................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Reference ....................................................................................................................................... 22 2 Abstract Failure of Lehman Brothers marks an important point of modern economic history. In a matter of eight months a successful and...
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...AMERICAN BUSINESS CYCLES: AN ESSAY IN ECONOMIC HISTORIOGRAPHY Peter Temin* This paper surveys American business cycles over the past century. Its task is to identify the causes of these cycles; other papers in this collection address the nature of policy responses to these causes. This paper can be seen as a test to discriminate between two views of the American economy. The first is expressed in a characteristically vivid statement by Dornbusch, who proclaimed recently: “None of the U.S. expansions of the past 40 years died in bed of old age; every one was murdered by the Federal Reserve” (Dornbusch 1997). This stark view can be contrasted with its opposite in the recent literature: “[N]one of the popular candidates for observable shocks robustly accounts for the bulk of business-cycle fluctuations in output” (Cochrane 1994, p. 358). I expand the time period to consider the past century, but it is easy to distinguish the past 40 years, that is, the period since World War II. A survey of business cycle causes over an entire century runs into several problems, of which three seem noteworthy. First, it is not at all clear what “cause” means in this context. Second, the Great Depression was such a large cycle that it cannot be seen as just another data point. Third, the survey relies on the existing literature on business cycles, which is why I have entitled it an essay in economic historiography. The paper proceeds by discussing each of these problems in turn, then turning to the data...
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...How effective is the use of medical marijuana? Can the treatments benefits outweigh the risks? In recent years the debate over the use of medical marihuana increased rapidly. Whereas a patient suffering from chronic pain in California can easily get a doctor’s prescription for medical cannabis, the German patient suffering from the very same symptoms would not be allowed to treat his ache with marijuana, which is the most common name for the hemp plant, or Cannabis sativa. Cannabis can be classified as one of the oldest drugs known to humanity. Its history dates back until the Neolithic times in China about 6,000 years ago. From there, the plant spread to India and the Middle East where it widely served as an analgesic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, antiemetic and hypnotic (Hall &Degenhardt, 2003). Moreover the hemp was reported to be a successful appetite stimulant as well as effective in treating a number of disorders, including tetanus, neuralgia, asthma and migraine as well as in alcohol and opium addiction and in the treatment of mental illnesses (McKim& Hancock, 2013). Not recognized at first as a substance producing intoxicating effects, marijuana’s use spread soon all over Europe and the U.S. in the 19th century, where it was used for medical purposes. The plants medical benefits were substituted in the early 20th century by pharmaceutical opiates, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and sedatives like chloral hydrates and the barbiturates, which could be given...
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...Health & Clinical Psychology Healthy Living Stress Dysfunctional Behaviour Disorders [pic] [pic] [pic] Contents • Objectives for the Health and Clinical Psychology module 6 • What is Health Psychology? Careers in Health Psychology 7 • Unit G543: Health and Clinical Psychology 8 • Exemplar exam paper 9 PART A – INFORMATION TO HELP EVALUATE STUDIES • Evaluation sheet for the theories/studies of Health Psychology 10 • Guide for answering part A & part B exam questions 11 PART B – HEALTHY LIVING • Introduction to Healthy Living 14 • Theories of Health Belief 17 • Compliance with a Medical Regime for Asthma (Becker 1978) 18 • Internal versus External Locus of Control (Rotter 1966) 21 • Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioural Change (Bandura and Adams 1977) 23 • Summary of the health belief theories 26 • Comprehension questions for theories of health belief 27 • Part A exam question 28 • Part B exam question 29 • Evaluation sheet of health belief theories/studies 30 Introduction to Health Promotion 31 • Theories of Health Promotion • Chip pan fire prevention (Cowpe 1983) 32 • Legislation-Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns (Dannenberg et al. 1993) 34 • Effects of Fear arousal (Janis & Feshbeck 1953) 37 • Summary of the health...
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...1|Page RESEARCH AND WRITING MANUAL FOR ACADEMIC FREELANCE WRITERS Prepared by Levian Indasy Mahmady & Baba Elinyo as a partial fulfilment of our utilitarian aid of training freelance writers ©Developed by Levian Indasy Mahmady & Baba Elinyo, August 2014 2|Page PART 1 CONTENT Content entails the requirements in the rubric or order instructions. This is the most important order element that one must keep in mind to excel in this online “oil industry. First, a writer should be able to digest the order instructions for some minutes. Second, the writer should develop an intrinsic critical thinking whenever he or she comes across order instructions. Failure to critically approach the instructions can make a newbie spend the whole day in agony. It usually results in late submission of orders and heavy penalties to the writer. Therefore, CONTENT is very important if you want to rise through the ranks and get to the top as fast as possible. Illustration Question: ‘write a 10 page paper on the United States The above instructions can run a spasm of fear across the spine of a newbie for lack of comprehensive content. Therefore, to make it easier, one needs to develop the table of contents (outline) on the same. PLEASE DON’T BE SUBJECTIVE IN REASONING. BE OBJECTIVE AND AVOID MASS FALLACY. Most newbies will be like, “the united states is a very good country with a lot of opportunities. The country is big and has everything that an individual needs to survive. The current...
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...Jagtiani@phil.frb.org February 9, 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the role of risk management and corporate governance as causal factors in the onset of the financial crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. We argue that this failure was a result of principal-agent problems internal to the firms and to breakdowns of corporate governance systems designed to overcome these principal-agent problems. Forthcoming in Atlantic Economic Journal (2010) JEL Classification Numbers: G01, G18, G21, G28 Keywords: Financial Crisis, Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Subprime Crisis _________________________ The opinions expressed in this paper are the authors’ and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System. Thanks to Ali Canoni and Vidya Nayak for their research assistance. The Mortgage and Financial Crises: The Role of Credit Risk Management and Corporate Governance Introduction and Objectives This paper analyzes the role of risk management and corporate...
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...practice. The underlying paper discusses antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, background of...
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...OF SAN FRANCISCO WORKING PAPER SERIES Macro-Finance Models of Interest Rates and the Economy Glenn D. Rudebusch Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco January 2010 Working Paper 2010-01 http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2010/wp10-01bk.pdf The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Macro-Finance Models of Interest Rates and the Economy Glenn D. Rudebusch∗ Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Abstract During the past decade, much new research has combined elements of finance, monetary economics, and macroeconomics in order to study the relationship between the term structure of interest rates and the economy. In this survey, I describe three different strands of such interdisciplinary macro-finance term structure research. The first adds macroeconomic variables and structure to a canonical arbitrage-free finance representation of the yield curve. The second examines bond pricing and bond risk premiums in a canonical macroeconomic dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The third develops a new class of arbitrage-free term structure models that are empirically tractable and well suited to macro-finance investigations. This article is based on a keynote lecture to the 41st annual conference of the Money, Macro, and Finance Research Group on September 8, 2009...
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...marijuana can have negative effects. Prolonged use of marijuana can cause lung damage, mental health issues, impair cognitive abilities, there is a high potential for abuse and it is illegal. Medical marijuana should not be used for medical purposes because it does more harm than good. Any type of smoke, when it is inhaled into the lungs, is unhealthy. Smoke comes from burning gases and materials that travel into the air. They are poisons, toxins or irritants that cause the lungs to become inflamed. (Allina Health, 2012) This damages the airways and stops oxygen from getting into your blood which can cause respiratory failure. Inhaled smoke can also reach and damage other parts of the body like the heart, brain, liver and kidneys. In a 1988 paper, Tashkin and his colleagues report attempted to establish that marijuana smoke produces more toxic chemical release than tobacco smoke. Marijuana smoking resulted in a tar burden to the respiratory tract that was 3.5 to 4.5 times greater than that produced by tobacco smoking in the same subjects. Furthermore, smoking a single marijuana cigarette caused a fourfold greater increment in carboxyhemoglobin saturation than did smoking a single tobacco cigarette. (Tashkin, 1988) Some people feel that smoking marijuana provide a rapid onset drug effect, meaning the relief for pain is felt in minutes. Studies have shown that cannabis has rich chemical components like THC the primary psychoactive ingredient of...
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...Amanda Bjork JOUR 330 Research Paper Part 3 According to UMUC JOUR330 Module 4, “part three of the public of the four-step public relations process is the action phase. It is during this stage of the process that the organization implements its strategic plan by doing and saying things to change attitudes, perceptions or even behavior on the part of its targeted publics”. The public relations decisions made as a result of the Tylenol crisis arrived in two phases. The first phase was the actual handling of the crisis. The comeback of both Johnson & Johnson and Tylenol was the second phase in the public relations plan. The planning for phase two began almost as soon as phase one was being implemented. The sabotage of the Tylenol capsules spurred an extreme panic about the safety of over-the-counter medications. In fact, the Tylenol crisis was so prominent that a survey at the time shows more Americans were aware of the tragedy than could identify the president of the United States (Murray & Shohen, 1992). It even threatened the very survival of Johnson & Johnson as a company because at the time, Tylenol products made up a very large portion of their revenue. Johnson & Johnson chairman and CEO, James Burke, reacted to the negative media coverage by forming a seven-member strategy team. The team's strategy guidance from Burke was first, "How do we protect the people?" and second "How do we save this product?" The company's first actions were to immediately alerted...
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...Comparative Economic Studies, 2015, (31–54) © 2015 ACES. All rights reserved. 0888-7233/15 www.palgrave-journals.com/ces/ Survey Article The Effects of Bank Regulation on the Relationship Between Capital and Risk ALESSANDRA TANDA Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Conservatorio, 7, Milan 20122, Italy. E-mail: alessandra.tanda@unimi.it Capital regulation acts as an external force in the determination of bank capital and risk levels. Changes in the regulatory framework can influence banks’ decisions. Starting from the debate of the prudential regulation after the financial crisis, this paper reviews the main empirical contributions on the role of capital regulation in the determination of banks’ capital ratios and risk exposure to evaluate bank behavior. Capital and risk decisions seem to be effectively influenced by regulation, although results may vary according to factors such as time period, country, and the type of capital analyzed. Comparative Economic Studies (2015) 57, 31–54. doi:10.1057/ces.2014.35; published online 22 January 2015 Keywords: bank regulation, capital, Basel, risk, literature review JEL Classification: G2 INTRODUCTION The latest financial crisis has highlighted how bank capital regulation is necessary for the stability of the financial system. But also, it appears that it is not sufficient to ensure that banks’ decisions, in terms of risk and capital, are consistent...
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