...Allport described an attitude as “A mental and neural state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related” (Allport, 1935, page 810). Overtime attitudes have come up a lot in social psychology research, especially the question whether attitudes can predict behaviour. In the 1920’s and 1930’s, the main focus was on attitude measurement and whether there was a relationship with these measurements and behaviour. The 1950’s and 1960’s concentrated on the dynamics of revolution in the attitudes of an individual. From this the attebtion was on the “cognitive and social structure and function of attitudes and attitude systems..” (as cited by Hogg and Vaughan, page 148). Researchers of attitudes in the current era, believe that attitude leads behaviour and influences decision for action, although it is not directly apparent. This essay is going to explore many different theories and ideas, about how attitudes relate to behaviour and evaluate the question “to what extent do attitudes predict behaviour?”. Firstly, it can be supported that attitudes do predict behavior to an extent, with the theories that Azjen and Fishbein proposed. With the assumption that attitudes have more of an influence on our behaviour than our general beliefs, Fishbein and Ajzen used their theory of reasoned action to address this matter directly. They looked into what factors, other...
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...researcher goes to school with her batch mates and school mates 9 hours, 5 days a week. Not only do we study, learn and understand at school but we are also given different activities at any given time in any different weather; rain or shine. The researcher has been observing her batch for the past years and now that we’re senior high school students, the researcher thought that we have learned a lot of things around us already. The researcher won’t believe if there isn’t just one senior high school batch in any school that would display even the slightest act of foolishness. Why ? because we need to have fun, the researcher means that this is the last school year in high school for senior students to have fun and make memories before they leave, even if it can lead to consequences. So, the researcher wants to conduct a survey or research to know the different attitudes of qualities of the senior high school students of Saint Paul University Dumaguete that would differentiate the talents, abilities and behavior we imply in the school from other institutions or schools. The researcher wants to know what this batch of senior high school students are capable of, what this batch excels and what this batch has that we can boast to others. The researcher chose this problem because this can help or clear any doubtful minds from knowing facts or truths from rumors or lies about senior students. It can clear any belief they had from knowing if it is true or not. My study as a researcher won’t...
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...Rachels Chap3 1. According to Rachels ethical subjectivism is the idea that a. different cultures have different moral codes. b. different individuals have different moral codes. c. our moral opinions are based on our feelings and our culture. d. our moral opinions are based on our feelings and nothing more. e. all of the above. f. two of the above. g. none of the above. 2. According to ethical subjectivism is the idea that a. there is such thing as objective right and wrong. b. there is no such thing as objective right and wrong. c. there are moral absolutes. d. sometimes there are moral absolutes and sometimes there are not. e. all of the above. f. two of the above. g. none of the above. 3. According to ethical subjectivism when we say that actions are evil a. we are only saying that we have positive feelings about them. b. we are only saying that we have negative feelings about them. c. we are only saying that sometimes we have positive feelings and sometimes we have negative feelings about them. d. all of the above. e. two of the above. f. none of the above. 4. Ethical subjectivism begins with the idea of David Hume that a. morality is a matter of fact rather than sentiment. b. morality is a matter of rationality rather than sentiment. c. morality is a matter of sentiment rather than fact. d. sometimes morality is a matter of sentiment, sometimes a matter of rationality...
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...Attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea,person, or situation. Attitudes are judgments. Attitude is a person's inner thoughts and feelings Attitude influences an individual’s choice of action, and responses to challenge and rewards. Attitude can be changed by considering following things: 1.By understanding what we want to change. The first step for change is understanding what we needs to be changed. The key to succed in any situation is setting our goals. For changing our attitude, we need to do be honest and do self-evaluation so that we can point out which of our traits need to be changed or improved. 2. Looking for a role model and follow them. By finding someone who has the kind of attitude that we want to have, and let his or her life give us inspiration and encouragement to move beyond our temporary failures in our journey towards becoming a better person. 3. Think about how our attitude change will affect our life. To be able to compete through all the difficulties that lie ahead of us in our journey towards self betterment, we need to figure out exactly what this imaginary change could bring to our life. Will changing our attitude mean a happier family or social life? Will a change in our attitude mean a more successful career or business? We need to fix our mind on the things that would come as a result of our attitude change and we will have a greater chance of reaching to our goal. 4. Choose the right...
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...Chapter 7 – Attitudes The Power of Attitudes Attitude: A lasting, general evaluation of people, (including oneself), objects, or issues. • Is lasting because it tends to endure over time • It is general because it applies to more than a momentary event • Can be very product-specific behaviours (Crest toothpaste rather than Colgate) • Can be toward more general consumption-related behaviours (how often they should brush their teeth) Attitude Object (A0): Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible or intangible. The Functions of Attitudes Functional Theory of Attitudes: Attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person’s motives. • Developed by psychologist Danial Katz Attitude Functions 1. Utilitarian Function a. Related to the basic principles of reward and punishment b. Develop attitudes based on whether these products provide pleasure or pain c. Ads that stress straightforward product benefits appeal to the utilitarian function 2. Value-expressive Function a. Express the consumer’s central values or self-concept b. Product attitude not because of its objective benefits c. Of what the product says about him/her as a person d. Highly relevant to lifestyle analyses, where consumers cultivate a cluster of activities, interest and opinions to express a particular social identity 3. Ego-defensive Function a. Formed to protect the person, either from external threats...
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...Reading Attitude and Interest Inventory Candace L. Young Grand Canyon University: 553 June 3, 2014 Students Reading Attitude and Interest Inventory The attitude that students have about reading has changed and involved with every generation. Even though being able to read and specifically being literate is necessary to success in today’s society, many students have negative attitudes in regards to reading. In addition to their negative attitude, today’s student also has a plethora of other activities available for them to do rather than pick up a good book. As we continue to grow as a society in our educational and work endeavors, students now more than ever, need to change their attitude in regards to reading. This paper outlines the trends and attitudes of fifteen ninth grade students in rural West Virginia. Why Attitudes? The word attitude can be defined in a number of different ways and everyone has an attitude towards most things in their life, including reading. Alexander and Filler (1976) proposed a definition for read-specific attitudes. Their definition stated that a reading attitude is a system of feelings related to reading which causes the learner to approach or avoid a reading situation (Alexander & Filler, 1976; Verhoeven & Snow, 2001). It is important to understand the attitudes students have towards reading for two major reasons. One, attitude can affect the level of reading ability that a student eventually achieves. One’s attitude can have an...
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...FEEL When and How Attitudes Guide Behavior RUSSELL H. FAZIO DAVID R. ROSKOS-EWOLDSEN The Ohio State University University of Alabama C onsider each of the following statements. Do you believe the statement to be true or false? 1. College students who disapprove of cheating do not cheat on tests; it is only the students who view cheating as acceptable who do cheat. 2. When segregation was still legal, hotel and restaurant owners with racial stereotypes toward Chinese people would not serve them food or allow them to stay at their establishments. 3. How well people like their jobs is predictive of people’s job attendance. Those who like their jobs are less likely to miss a day of work. 4. During the 1970s, people who felt that the energy crisis was a significant problem used less energy than did those who did not really believe that there was a crisis. 5. Regardless of whether an employer makes a snap judgment or deliberates extensively about a hiring decision, if the employer has a negative attitude toward working women, a female candidate will not be hired. All of these commonsense statements assume that people’s attitudes influence their actions and decisions. In fact, as we will see in this chapter, none of these five statements is correct. The basic finding of decades of research is that sometimes people act in accordance with their attitudes, and other times they act in ways that are quite inconsistent with their attitudes. In this chapter, we...
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...parents do, their absolute best to help their kids. Why make their lives harder? It's not a political choice or a religious choice, it's a human choice fostered by love and support, to help their kids. An attitude is a reaction to an attitude object that can range from a subtle (unconscious) evaluative reaction, to a more direct expression in words or deeds. Implicit attitudes can differ from explicit attitudes. Attitudes are useful because they help people to master their social environment and to express important connections with others. Attitudes are assembled from beliefs, feelings, and information about actions toward the object. Negative information and accessible information are weighted more heavily. Once an attitude forms, it becomes (closely) linked to the representation of the object. Your attitude is influenced by what you read and watch-by your interactions, associations, home environment, work environment, social environments, and what you think about. But here's the one-word secret to a certain positive attitude: Awareness. People protect established attitudes by ignoring or resisting information that threatens them. However many people overestimate their ability to resist persuasive appeals. Subliminal persuasion gains some of its power because people do not realize they are the target of a persuasive attempt. Information presented outside of conscious awareness can influence attitudes and persuasion, but careful consideration of attitude objects can weaken...
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...Why is the correct attitude essential to resolving conflict? Anne Frank had a positive attitude and so did her father. Responding to conflicts hard so be sure to have the correct attitude. People best respond to conflict with the correct attitude which is a positive attitude. The people in the book Black Ships Before Troy do not think that keeping a positive attitude can resolve conflict. They think that fighting is the best response but they lost a lot of lives. “ half of them lay slain” (Sutcliff 111), they kill each other so much.They also think that careful planning will get them what they want, but the other side thinks that also. Fighting doesn't resolve conflict. The Diary of Anne Frank and dear miss breed shows how a good attitude can help you survive. People in the Diary of Anne Frank respond well to conflict. Anne responds well, so does her father, ”it’s funny”. The conflict is big yet they can think of other things. Louise managed to find good things about the trip to the Japanese internment camp. She talks about the beauty, “most beautiful scenery” (Dear Miss Breed 19) Anne's father like anne responds well to conflict. Mr frank gave anne a present to make her feel better...
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...Chapter 5 – Social Cognition Debate: Faith and Social Cognition * Carolyn Briggs: involved in and then rejected. Christian fundamentalism. How can someone believe so intensely and then reject those same beliefs? How are our beleifs shaped by those around us? Consider some cognitive biases and errors you have made. **Social cognition: Study of how people think about people and social relationships. -What is unique about thinking about people as opposed to thinking about something else, like frogs or computers? Why is it important to study how people think about people? -How is argumentative thinking helpful? Why would arguing with others help with human survival? **Thinking Cognitive Miser: Exemplified by having errors in thinking. Reluctance to do much extra thinking. -During free time, why do most people choose to think about a subject such as baseball, but not about a subject such as calculus? **Automatic and deliberate thinking How does the Stroop Effect (colors and words) illustrate automatic versus deliberate thought? How do we know if a thought is automatic? -Requires no awareness -not guided by intention -not subject to deliberate control -effort is low Schemas: information about a concept. Ex/Schema for exams = involves multi paged paper and #2 pencil. Scripts: Schemas about certain events. How an experience and an event will play out. Ex/ For exam… come into class, cram before instructor says put materials away, administered exam...
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...Business Attitudes In business communications, attitudes play a significant role in achieving business goals. Today the workplace can be a stressful due to the economy. Job cuts, layoffs, and even the threat of companies going out of business can put employees on edge. These stressful times can make it more difficult for employers to motivate their employees. Workers may take on negative attitudes as they fear for their jobs. Employee attitude problems have a very negative impact on the work environment as well as your company’s bottom line. An employee with an attitude problem may be careless, insensitive and inconsiderate of others. The negative effects of bad attitudes are widespread, and the morale of the entire company may lower due to employee’s attitudes. As managers and supervisors, their goal is to promote positive attitudes by motivating employees. Good attitudes can be taught, and the very best method is to lead by example. Every company’s goal should be that “attitudes are an important part of your success, both on the job and in your personal life.” According to Tubbs (2009), an attitude is a mental state that exerts influence over an individual’s behaviors. Typically attitudes have been considered along with two other elements – beliefs and behaviors. Beliefs represent what we have learned or come to know through experience. As such, they are either true or represent what a person may think is true (for example, that working on a challenging project would...
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...SUBJECT : Values, Attitudes, and Behaviors CONDITION: Classroom environment STANDARD: 1. Define Values, Attitudes, Behaviors and Beliefs. 2. Explain the importance of beliefs, values and norms. 3. Explain the value system and the significance of the socialization process. 4. Explain Louis Rath’s seven value criteria. 5. Explain cognitive dissonance and ways to reduce it. TYPE OF INSTRUCTION: Instruction and Small Group Discussion TIME OF INSTRUCTION: 2 Hours LEAD IN: The Army is probably the largest and most diverse organization in the country with an ethnic and racial makeup most reflective of American society. Each individual brings a set of values and attitudes that have been cultivated over many years. Additionally, these values and attitudes are still being shaped and refined with each new experience. Many of you have strong memories about recent events in your lives, such as promotion, schooling, a new baby, or a transfer. These events and ones yet to come, serve to shape your values and attitudes for the future. However, values and attitudes do not automatically change just because someone puts on an Army uniform. Some values and attitudes, when coupled with a lack of awareness, or insensitivity about others that are different from ourselves, can produce confrontations, anger, and even violence. It is imperative all soldiers and civilian employees recognize and manage their differences so they do not interfere with...
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...case describes the different attitudes the worker and his supervisor have about their work. The reason Walt Henderson, the drafting technicians working in the Wilson Construction Company, has some disagreement with his supervisor Ken Hardy is that they have different attitudes toward their work. According to the textbook, attitude is a person’s favorable or unfavorable thoughts about different aspects, such as people, job, and religion (Robbins & Judge, 2013). In this case study, we are going to evaluate Walt’s attitude towards his work and why he has this attitude. Walt Henderson thought he had a positive attitude towards his work because he used his free time to finish his work. However, from his supervisor’s point, he had a negative attitude towards his work. From the case, Walt brought the work to home and finished his work early, so he thought he is a hardworking employee and can do his own work after he finished the company’s work (Walt Henderson, n.d.). From his supervisor’s point, he has a negative attitude towards his work because he did not follow the company’s rules and argued with his supervisor use disrespect language, such as “what do you want me to do?” (Walt Henderson, n.d.). The three components of an attitude are cognition, affect, and behavior. cognitive component is “the opinion or belief segment of an attitude”, such as my salary is low (Robbins & Judge, 2013). The affective component means a personal feeling of an attitude (Robbins & Judge, 2013). For...
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...Chapter 7 Attitude & Persuasion * The power of attitude: * Attitude: a lasting, general evaluation of people, objects, advertisements, or issues. * Attitude object (AO): anything toward which one has an attitude. * Functional theory of attitude: * Utilitarian Function: Relates to rewards & punishment. * Value-expressive function: Expresses consumer’s values or self-concept. * Ego-defensive function: Protect ourselves from external threats or internal feelings. * Knowledge function: Need for order, structure or meaning. * ABC model of attitude: * An attitude has three components: •Affect: the way a consumer feels about an attitude object. •Behavior: person’s intentions to do something with regard to an attitude object. •Cognition: beliefs a consumer has about an attitude object. * The standard learning hierarchy: Assumes that a person approaches a product decision as a problem-solving process. * The low-involvement hierarchy: Assumes the consumer initially does not have strong preferences for one brand over another and instead forms an evaluation only after she has bought the product. * The experiential hierarchy: We act on our emotional reactions. * Attitude toward advertisement: * We form attitudes toward objects other than the product that can influence our product selections. * We often form product attitudes from its ads. * Ad: attitude toward advertiser + evaluations of ad execution...
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...Introduction According to (Schiffman, Kanuk & Hansen, 2012), the term “attitude” is defined as a learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. As a consumer, we have a wide range of products and services to choose from and we tend to form attitudes towards each products while making decisions, for example when we are being questioned whether we like or dislike the specific product in a survey. At that moment, we are being asked to express our point of view on the certain product or service. As the way consumers feel about the brand reflects their attitudes towards that brand. Consumer’s attitudes towards a certain product is crucial for any marketers as it determines how well their products or services perform in the specific market. From that, marketers will know how to tailor their products to meet each individual’s unique requirement. There are two types of attitudes, positive attitude and negative attitude. When a consumer have a positive attitude towards a product, he or she will spread positive word of mouth to others, this can boost up the company’s image, however, negative attitudes towards the product may have a big impact on both reputation and sales of the company. This essay will outline how consumer attitudes are formed and affect the behavior of consumers. Next, the difference in behavior and attitudes on product choice and purchase when consumers are rational or irrational decision makers will...
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