...Expert systems are computer applications that combine computer equipment, software, and specialized information to imitate expert human reasoning and advice. As a branch of artificial intelligence, expert systems provide discipline-specific advice and explanation to their users. While artificial intelligence is a broad field covering many aspects of computer-generated thought, expert systems are more narrowly focused. Typically, expert systems function best with specific activities or problems and a discrete database of digitized facts, rules, cases, and models. Expert systems are used widely in commercial and industrial settings, including medicine, finance, manufacturing, and sales. As a software program, the expert system integrates a searching and sorting program with a knowledge database. The specific searching and sorting program for an expert system is known as the inference engine. The inference engine contains all the systematic processing rules and logic associated with the problem or task at hand. Mathematical probabilities often serve as the basis for many expert systems. The second component—the knowledge database—stores necessary factual, procedural, and experiential information representing expert knowledge. Through a procedure known as knowledge transfer, expertise (or those skills and knowledge that sustain a much better than average performance) passes from human expert to knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer actually creates and structures the knowledge...
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...Expert system for the definition of the cutting parameters and machining strategies 1 L.Zaquini1, J.Charpy1, J-P. Bendit2, T.Voumard3, P-E Mathez3, L. Béguelin3 HE-ARC-Ingénierie LMO (Laboratoire de Machines-Outils), University of Applied Science, Le Locle, Switzerland, 2 Jurasoft SA, Porrentruy, Switzerland, 3 Haute Ecole ARC – Software Engineering, University of Applied Science, St-Imier, Switzerland, Switzerland, Abstract The definition of the cutting parameters (Vc, fz, ae, ap), and the definition of the machining strategies or the strategies to engage the tool in the material and to start the cutting process, are usually requested by the CAM systems as input information. These data are usually strongly influenced by the consolidated experience of the operators, by the specific previous similar machining cases and by several other factors depending on the machining practices. In a project, financed by the Swiss national organization for the industrial research, the authors have developed an expert system (ES) in order to get this information through software processes. The paper shows the structure of this expert system. The ES has been realized through the definition of ontology of components and elements of the machining. The ES includes a very large data base of cutting parameters, and is based on the establishment of rules for the competition between the machining strategies. The ES includes learning methods which are able to identify similar operations. The learning...
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...IAI : Expert Systems © John A. Bullinaria, 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is an Expert System? The Architecture of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representing the Knowledge The Inference Engine The Rete-Algorithm The User Interface What is an Expert System? Jackson (1999) provides us with the following definition: An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. They will generally build upon the ideas of knowledge representation, production rules, search, and so on, that we have already covered. Often we use an expert system shell which is an existing knowledge independent framework into which domain knowledge can be inserted to produce a working expert system. We can thus avoid having to program each new system from scratch. w9-2 Typical Tasks for Expert Systems There are no fundamental limits on what problem domains an expert system can be built to deal with. Some typical existing expert system tasks include: 1. The interpretation of data Such as sonar data or geophysical measurements 2. Diagnosis of malfunctions Such as equipment faults...
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...psychological knowledge to the legal system (Bartol & Bartol, 2012: 6). The concept of forensic psychology can be misunderstood, because the definition does not explain much. The easiest way to explain forensic psychology is to break it down into its subspecialties and describe where psychological knowledge can be applied. There are five subspecialties of forensic psychology, namely police psychology, psychology of crime and delinquency, victimology and victim services, legal psychology and correctional psychology. I will discuss legal psychology and correctional psychology. · Legal psychology Legal psychology is the study of human behavior relevant to the law. This subspecialty of forensic psychology consists of those theories that describe, explain and predict human behavior by reference to the law. Bartol & Bartol (2012) described that early in a case when attorneys are preparing for a trial and gathering information psychologist can be called in to testify. Main roles of a forensic psychologist in the USA includes, acting as a consultant to law enforcement, acting as trial consultants (jury selection, case preparation and pre-trial publicity), presenting psychology to appeal courts, doing forensic assessment and acting as an expert witness (insanity defense, competence to stand trial, sentencing, eyewitness identification and child custody etc.) Expert witness as a role in legal psychologist A major role for forensic psychologist is to serve as an expert witness in both the criminal...
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...Chapter 9 Using Past History Explicitly as Knowledge: Case-Based Reasoning Systems Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Chapter Objectives • Introduce the student to the concept of using explicit historical occurrences to solve current problems. Explained in the context of rule-based systems that also use past experience to solve current problems • Introduce case-based reasoning. • Introduce how case-based systems can learn from their own experience Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall / Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Weaknesses of rule-based systems • Weaknesses of rule-based systems that inspired the rise of case-based reasoning: Experts may not be able to externalize their experience into clean bits of knowledge that can be encoded into rules Their knowledge is an accumulation and a combination of years of being exposed to many instances of similar problems (and their subsequent solutions) Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e -- © 2004 Prentice Hall / Additional material © 2008 Dekai Wu Weaknesses of rule-based systems • To manage the knowledge of experts, we must: Elicit it from the expert Represent or formalize it in a form suitable for computing Validate and verify the knowledge • All these contain pitfalls for the rule-based systems approach Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management...
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...An Expert System for Industrial Machine Vision Yoshifumi KITMURA, Hiroaki SATO, and Hideyuki TAMURA Information Systems Research Center, Canon Inc. Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 21 1, Japan Abstract An expert system for vision algorithm design is presented. Its knowledge-base includes human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and is capable of solving given vision problems. As a problem domain, we choose vision algorithms for a parts-feeder, which determines the attitude of mechanical parts on a conveyor-belt and rejects parts with inappropriate attitudes. The expert system for parts feeder is designed to consist of three components: FSE (Feature selection expert), IPE (Image processing expert), DTG (Decision tree generator). The knowledge for vision algorithm design to determine parts attitude is discussed. A framework to represent knowledge for finding solutions for pattern classificationproblem is established. 1. Introduction Recently, several expert systems for image processing have been investigated[1][2][3]. Their knowledge-basesinclude human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and can generate a sequence of image processing operations to solve the given problem. DIA-Expert system (Digital-Image-Analysis Expert System)[4] is a typical example. When an input image and the goal of analysis are given, it continues to decompose the goal into subgoals until the sequence of executable image processing modules could be found. Here, we...
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...grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may...
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...Evidence To what extent has the use of technology in evidence altered our understanding of adversarialism? What is adversarialism? The adversarial system is the two-sided structure under which criminal trial courts in the UK operate. There are four prominent structural features of the English adversarial system. Firstly, the parties dominate the conduct of proceedings with the judge playing a relatively passive role. Secondly, the parties are free to choose the terrain on which to fight out their legal battles and to select their forensic weapons. Thirdly, Trials are continuous, oral and public events. Fourthly, the imbalance of power between the state and the accused is ameliorated by rules and principles reducing inequality of arms. High level definitions or at least descriptions of the adversarial system abound such as that of Lord Denning in Jones v The National Coal Board.They are all to the effect that the judge is a passive and neutral umpire who cannot descend into the arena for fear of having his or her judgement clouded. The adversarial system is said to be the most efficient means of arriving at approximate truth because it harnesses the power of self-interest on each side to unearth the best evidence. Similarly the best legal arguments are thought to emerge from the clash of advocate’s submission on the law. A classic quotation is that of Lord Eldon in Ex Parte Lloyd that ‘truth is best discovered by powerful statements on both sides of the question.’ This...
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...1007/s10606-007-9055-2 © Springer 2007 Expert Recommender: Designing for a Network Organization Tim Reichling1, Michael Veith1 & Volker Wulf1,2 1 Institute for Information Systems and New Media University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany (E-mail: tim.reichling@uni-siegen.de; michael.veith@uni-siegen.de; volker.wulf@uni-siegen.de); 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FhG-FIT), Sankt Agustin, Germany (E-mail: volker.wulf@fit.fraunhofer.de) Abstract. Recent knowledge management initiatives focus on expertise sharing within formal organizational units and informal communities of practice. Expert recommender systems seem to be a promising tool in support of these initiatives. This paper presents experiences in designing an expert recommender system for a knowledge-intensive organization, namely the National Industry Association (NIA). Field study results provide a set of specific design requirements. Based on these requirements, we have designed an expert recommender system which is integrated into the specific software infrastructure of the organizational setting. The organizational setting is, as we will show, specific for historical, political, and economic reasons. These particularities influence the employees’ organizational and (inter-)personal needs within this setting. The paper connects empirical findings of a long-term case study with design experiences of an expertise recommender system. Key words: expertise sharing, expert recommender system, case study 1. Introduction Approaches...
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...A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Preliminary Technical Risk Analysis for the Geothermal Technologies Program J. McVeigh and J. Cohen Princeton Energy Resources International Technical Report NREL/TP-640-41156 March 2007 M. Vorum, G. Porro, and G. Nix National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Preliminary Technical Risk Analysis for the Geothermal Technologies Program J. McVeigh and J. Cohen Princeton Energy Resources International Technical Report NREL/TP-640-41156 March 2007 M. Vorum, G. Porro, and G. Nix National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. GT04.1101 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product...
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...Submit a 3 page paper that 1) explains the difference between litigating an embezzlement case in civil court and criminal court, and 2) discuss the role of an expert witness/fraud examiner in each proceeding. There are two major factions of the United States court system: civil cases and criminal cases. Both take place in courtrooms all across the country, but there are several differences that separate the two as well as the role of fraud examiner in each proceeding. The major difference of the two in an embezzlement case is: 1) In a criminal court case, the opposing parties are the prosecutor, often the Assistant District Attorney, and the defendant, represented by a trial lawyer. In a civil court case, however, the opposing parties are the plaintiff and the defendant, both of whom are typically represented by attorneys. 2) In a criminal court case, the prosecutor must establish the guilt of the defendant, but in a civil court case, the plaintiff must only establish the liability of the defendant. In the former, the defendant is either guilty or not guilty of a crime, while in the latter, the defendant is either liable or not liable for monetary damages suffered by the plaintiff. For example, in a criminal court case, the defendant can be found guilty of money laundry his money, while in a civil court case, the defendant can be found liable for stealing someone’s car. In civil court cases, the plaintiff must only win by a preponderance of evidence, which means that the defendant...
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...cybersickness such as eyestrain and motion sickness * Another limitation is the cost of VR system Intelligent Agents They are growing in popularity as a way to use artificial intelligence routines in software to help users accomplish many kinds of tasks in e-business and e-commerce. They are software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity. They are also called software robots or bots because of special purpose knowledge-based information systems that accomplished specific tasks for user They are growing rapidly as a way to simplify software use, search websites on the internet and corporate intranets, and help customers do comparison shopping among the many e-commerce sites on the web. They are becoming more necessary.Intelligent agents like those in Ask Jeeves help you find information in a variety of categories from many online sources Expert System It is a knowledge-based information system that uses in knowledge about specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users.It provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area by making humanlike inferences about knowledge contained in a specialized knowledge base.Knowledge base contains facts about a specific subject area and heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert on the subject Methods of knowledge Representations * Case based reasoning – representing knowledge...
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...NEUROSURGEON EXPERT WITNESS A neurosurgeon is a medical specialist trained to treat conditions of the brain, spine, and peripheral nerves. Our neurosurgeon expert witnesses have experience in multiple disciplines and have provided both non-operative and surgical treatment to patients of all ages. The field of neurosurgery is vast and many neurosurgeons often find themselves working alongside other medical professionals such as psychiatrists, neurologists and therapists in order to provide more thorough care for patients with neurological disorders. What is neurosurgery? Neurosurgery can refer to operations on the brain, spinal cord, and other cerebrovascular systems. Because of this, neurosurgeons can choose to specialize in specific types...
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...Chapter 1 Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies Key Points and Objectives 1. Information is an organizational resource that must be managed as carefully as other resources. 2. Information systems fall into one of the following eight categories: A. Transaction processing systems (TPS) process large volumes of data, routine business transactions. B. Office automation systems (OAS) manipulate information and share it throughout the organization. Software, such as spreadsheets, word processing, email, teleconferencing and so on are routinely used in OAS. C. Knowledge work systems (KWS) help professionals to develop new knowledge, often in teams. D. Management information systems (MIS) are computerized information systems that support a broader range of business functions than do data processing systems. E. Decision support systems (DSS) are information systems that help support decision makers in making semi-structured decisions. F. Expert systems capture the expertise of a human expert or experts for solving particular organizational problems. G. Artificial intelligence research is part of expert systems and has two avenues: understanding natural language and analyzing the ability to reason through a problem to its logical conclusion H. Group decision support systems (GDSS) and computer supported collaborative work systems (CSCWS) allow group members to interact and help facilitate...
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...T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis ALİ KARA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEVELOPING AN EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR DIABETICS BY SUPPORTING WITH ANFIS Master Thesis Ali KARA Supervisor: ASSOC.PROF.DR. ADEM KARAHOCA İSTANBUL, 2008 T.C BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMPUTER ENGINEERING Name of the thesis: Developing an Expert-System for Diabetics by supporting with ANFIS Name/Last Name of the Student: Ali Kara Date of Thesis Defense: Jun .09. 2008 The thesis has been approved by the Institute of Science. Prof. Dr. A. Bülent ÖZGÜLER Director ___________________ I certify that this thesis meets all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Program Coordinator ____________________ This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that we find it fully adequate in scope, quality and content, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Assoc.Prof.Dr. Adem KARAHOCA Prof.Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN Asst.Prof.Dr. Yalçın ÇEKİÇ Signature ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ii To my father ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my father for being a role model in front of my educational life. I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adem Karahoca, for not only being such...
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