...force by the United States is justified to prevent nuclear proliferation. Nuclear Proliferation - according to the US Legal Dictionary, is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information. United States- Territories and her allies Contention 1: The threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of rogue states and terrorists increases as more countries possess them. Example A: Selling to militant groups and/or countries with intentions to use nuclear weapons. Starting in the 1970s, Pakistan used extensive clandestine procurement networks to get technology for its own nuclear weapons program. Former Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan directed the procurement [of Pakistani nukes] and used a similar network [as used to obtain Pakistani nuclear information] to supply Libya, North Korea, and Iran with designs and materials related to uranium enrichment for profit.(http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf) This is an example of what happens when action is not taken against the countries who are in possession of nuclear technology, whether they are showing signs of imminent threat or not. Every time nuclear information is distributed it increases the number of people receiving that information, in turn causing nuclear proliferation. The United States is justified to prevent this action that causes proliferation because the mere existence of nuclear technology poses a threat to United States citizens...
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...Iran’s Nuclear Program Erin Henderson (Minson) Contemporary International Problems Professor Samad Hafezi What is the U.S. policy toward Iran’s nuclear program? Does it even exist? Has the U.S. taken a stance on what should be done and how to do it? After careful research I have still not been able to answer any of these questions. Let’s take a look at what the sources say and attempt to determine exactly where we are in 2010 on this very issue. Iran’s nuclear program goes all the way back to the era of the Shah and the plans for 20 nuclear reactors. It wasn’t until the bombing of the Persian Gulf that production was halted, but not completely. Their program today is managed by their President, Mahmud Ahmadinejad. Part of the uproar is that even though Iran is open to inspection of their “legal” nuclear program, they have a covert operation underway that they declare is for some sort of energy program for civilians. This seems to be a hot topic in the U.S. today. Since 1987 the U.S. has been issuing charges and regulatory guidance to Iran about their nuclear program and uranium enrichment operations. We have done everything from banning imports and goods to freezing personal assets of those individuals directly involved in the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Yet today we are still at a loss for how to handle this issue. The U.S. has more than enough issues directly tied to Iran’s nuclear program. Their ultimate concern is nuclear proliferations...
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...Nuclear Proliferation Should “Secret State Countries” such as Iran, and North Korea have the right to produce nuclear energy, and nuclear weapons? Iran along with North Korea have been opposing Security Council resolutions by refusing to suspend the enrichment of the country’s uranium. The U.S. has provided a resolution by giving Iran and North Korea energy incentives for closing down nuclear facilities. However, both Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and North Korean President Kim Jong II describe diplomatic efforts to deter their nuclear programs as “useless resolutions”. Diplomacy and implementing regulations continue to be the only probable solution to the “weapons of mass destruction” crisis, however Iran and North Korea continue to stand firm in defiance. Nuclear material can either be resourceful or dangerous. When nuclear materials such as uranium are used to develop weapons, they can become a threat. However, nuclear material can also be used as an efficient source of power and is in fact today’s second largest source of energy after coal. For example, nuclear energy reduced the United States dependence on oil. Reducing the dependence on oil is beneficial because the U.S. does not have to spend millions of dollars that would normally be spent on drilling for oil. A drawback to this material is its potential to help develop powerful and threatening nuclear weapons. These weapons are capable of mass destruction and can destroy nations in a matter of minutes...
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...resolution is made to control Iran nuclear project at Qom (and the possibility of Iran to create a nuclear boom). Recently has been notified that Iran got a new nuclear station in Qom, the British, US and French intelligence agencies informed that it’s too small to produce a nuclear weapon but too big for being a nuclear station use for produce energy, this intelligence bodies also think that Iran can purify uranium to the level of being a nuclear weapon and put it in a vector (missile), which could rise part of Europe and middle east. This new has create a tense atmosphere between the countries of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT) and the international environment, the three purpose of the NPT is to disarm the countries who got nuclear weapons (US, Russia, France, UK and China), to aim the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and the use of nuclear materials in a pacific way. The global context go against the nuclear weapons we can see how US and Russia had agree to reduce more the nuclear heads (they already agree long ago (the end of the cold war) to reduce their nuclear heads but recently they agree to reduce it even more), we could also mention that the German government (Guido Westerwelle) wants to open a debate to see if the US can remove their nuclear heads that they still in Germany (even when it’s going to make 20 years since the end of the cold war). US, UK, France and Germany condemn Iran for maintaining the nuclear program in secret, China and Russia...
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...Islamic groups, such as Al-Qaeda, will seek out opportunity to use a WMD. Al Qaeda and known terrorist organizations to have WMDs currently in possession, the explicit intent to utilize such forces of terror no doubt demands the immediate attention of the international community to collectively bring to discussion the various measures to address this issue. The DISEC in this case is a platform for exactly that discussion. Portugal feels that the the importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) can never be understated, as the universalization of the NPT and the upholding of all of its provisions are their best chances of achieving lasting peace and dispel the gloomy shadow that nuclear proliferation cast upon their Peoples. This is why Portugal calls on States that have not yet done so to join the NPT as non-nuclear weapon states. Unfortunately, the threat of nuclear proliferation remains real, as doubts over the nuclear programmes of the Islamic Republic of Iran and that of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) remain unanswered. Portugal urges both States to fully abide by their international obligations, including the relevant Resolutions adopted by the UN Security...
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...Iran's nuclear program is one of the most polarizing issues in one of the world's most volatile regions. While American and European officials believe Tehran is planning to build nuclear weapons, Iran's leadership says that its goal in developing a nuclear program is to generate electricity without dipping into the oil supply it prefers to sell abroad, and to provide fuel for medical reactors. Iran's first nuclear program began in the 1960s under the shah. It made little progress, and was abandoned after the 1979 revolution, which brought to power the hard-line Islamic regime. In the mid-1990s, a new effort began, raising suspicions in Washington and elsewhere. Iran insisted that it was living up to its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but in 2002, an exile group obtained documents revealing a clandestine program. Faced with the likelihood of international sanctions, the government of Mohammad Khatami agreed in 2003 to suspend work on uranium enrichment and allow a stepped-up level of inspections by the International Atomic Energy Association while continuing negotiations with Britain, France and Germany. In August 2005, Mr. Khatami, a relative moderate, was succeeded as president by Mr. Ahmadinejad, a hard-line conservative. The following January, Iran announced that it would resume enrichment work, leading the three European nations to break off their long-running talks. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran has the right to enrich uranium, but the atomic energy...
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...Concern continues to grow about the developing Iranian nuclear capability. Through a variety of sources, the CIA believes it has access inside a heretofore unknown Iranian nuclear facility, deep underground and with very limited access, even by Iranian officials. The CIA's asset has the capability to disrupt the Iranian operation, either by means of planting a virus in the facility's computer system or by causing a disruption through the planting of a bomb or similar object. (LENGTH 4 - 5 pages doublespaced PLUS citations) Answer: the nuclear program of Iran was launched in 1950’s in collaboration with the United States of America as part of the Atoms of Peace program. During the Iran-Iraq war in 1980’s, over 100,000 Iranian troops and civilians became the victims of chemical weapons. So Iran is has a first- hand knowledge of the effects of Weapons of Mass destruction. It has signed different treaties such as Nuclear-non Proliferation Treaty to show its concern about the risks of WMD. But now the true intentions of Iran on developing the nuclear capability are unknown. The U.S. intelligence agencies assessed that if Iran pursue to achieve the chemical weapons capability again it would be unlikely that it achieve this capability before 2013 or it might extends till 2015.( US Intelligence,2009). Iran nuclear program includes several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor and uranium enrichment facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants. The...
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...revised draft. First, write your paragraph plan. Next, in the same document, write a first draft of your paragraph, and then write your revised draft ( you should show two different versions of the paragraph). Remember that a good paragraph takes time to write. You may want to start with some idea development activities, such as free writing or brain storming, to help you generate your paragraph. Pay attention to your purpose, audience, and mechanics in your paragraph. Step 3: Save and submit your assignment. A disturbing news event, English 105, Final Exam, Part 1: Page 3, Daniel H. Jack The Paragraph Plan Subject: Why is the United States trying to negotiate a Nuclear Arms Treaty with our sworn enemy, the country of Iran? Focus Sentence: The focus of the paragraph is the ongoing negotiations over Nuclear Iran. Three Sentences: Who...
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...Wilson argues that nuclear weapon proliferation and its use is the greatest threat to all humanity. She asserts that the choices over the next decade will impact the future of nuclear abolition or expansion. Furthermore, Wilson provides trends that have characterized recent development of nuclear countries, such as that nuclear nations, like Russia and the US, are pouring funds to develop their nuclear arsenal. Wilson addresses concern that nuclear nations are establishing nuclear alert standpoints, like the ones the US and USSR used in the Cold War, which will reduce the decision period to fire nuclear weapons, increasing the risk of nuclear use through accidents and rogue launches. Tensions between nuclear bearing countries and terrorist...
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...foundation on four major pillars. The first pillar is that there will be non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, this means that non-nuclear weapon states will not get nuclear weapons and states with nuclear weapons will not give them or materials to non-nuclear weapons states. The second pillar is disarmament. Meaning that states that have nuclear weapons will be committed to slowly decreasing their stock hold of nuclear weapons. The third pillar is the inalienable right to use nuclear technology in order to save the peace or remain peaceful. The fourth and final pillar is verification through onsite monitoring, done through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This has shown states that international institutions can be effective, especially if they have the right groundwork. Although there are some major limits to what an international institution is allowed to do. For example, the Nonproliferation Treaty cannot enforce its rules and regulations. It can report the rules broken to the United National Security Council, but there is no guarantee that something will be done about it. It is also fragile in the fact that it is easy to withdraw from the Treaty. All it takes is a six-month notification and then it is like you never signed, like North Korea. Personally, I think the NPT Treaty is doing fine because there are only nine active nuclear states, so the NPT is doing its job at keeping the number of nuclear weapons down. Using the Nonproliferation Treaty as an example, we can...
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...Arms Control (Nuclear Disarmament) Arms control refers to any international limitation or regulation where developing, testing, producing, deploying, or even using weapons is concerned on the basis that it is inevitable for some national military establishments to continue existing. This concept points to some type of collaboration between states that are antagonistic or competitive in general when it comes to military policy, in a bid to lower the chances of war and in the event of such, to limit its damage (Jones 4). From a broader perspective, arms control is a product of historical state practices involving disarmament that has seen many successes and challenges since the 20th century. The two terms have at some point been differentiated where disarmament agreements are often deemed as direct prohibition of weapons possession and production, while arms-control agreements often start by limiting testing, deploying, or using of some types of weapons. Arms-control efforts especially between the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) and the U.S. during the Cold War were crucial to limitation of the nuclear arms race, and by the 20th century’s end, arms control as a term started denoting any arms-limitation or disarmament agreement (Browne, Shetty and Somerville 377). The most important are the NPT (Non-proliferation Treaty) and the CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). The main benefit or importance of the NPT is that of ensuring that international peace and security are enhanced. Nonproliferation...
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...cripple nations within minutes. The cyber world is so complex and ever changing it cannot be controlled by any one entity. Although, one can harness skill sets within this field that will empower and mold you into a formidable opponent in any setting. Israel is one of those select few that have those particular skill sets. Although without the aid of the United States, and NATO forces to educate and mold them they would more than likely be behind in the race for cyber domination. Over the years Israel has spearheaded multiple clandestine operations initiated by cyber warfare in the Middle East and abroad. Israel has hit many big countries but the most popular was Syria in 2007, and Israel is speculated to have been behind the attack on Iran with the “Stuxnet” virus in early 2011. Israel has become so versatile over the last decade due to the constant evolution of cyber programs, network upgrades, securing of infrastructures, updating security programming all to combat the latest threats that they have jumped to the forefront of innovation and cyber security. Along with Israel the U.S. has a major role in cyber space because we are the most over developed and with our vast networks and departments dedicated to cyberspace we lead the way. The U.S. has been the Israeli’s protector and key to success for decades and to some it may appear that they live, breathe, and fight out of the U.S.’s shadow. Israel has received vast amounts of Intel, equipment, planes, war fighting tactics...
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...Proposed Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrine Template 2015-2016 The presidents administration’s primary foreign policy goal, that I am bestowing as the, Obama Super Ultra Conservative Selective Policy; (OSUCSP), will focus on four key areas. Considering the current administrations policy is based on preserving ideals from a “liberal internationals approach” (McCormick 213) “The Obama-Biden foreign policy will end the war in Iraq responsibly, finish the fight against the Taliban and al Qaeda in Afghanistan, secure nuclear weapons and loose nuclear materials from terrorists, and renew American diplomacy to support strong alliances and to seek a lasting peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.” (The Obama-Biden Plan) The foreign policy...
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...Debates have arisen when North Korea withdraw from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 2003. It is known that North Korea has exported nuclear weapons in Iran and Pakistan to show its support in being ready to launch an attack against humanity. According to the American Society of International Law, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty because of the hostile foreign policy of the United States. From the North Korean government’s perspective, they are a target of a pre-emptive strike and military punishment. Though these allegations do not have sufficient evidence to back up North Korea’s reason to back in the treaty, each state still have the right to withdrawal. Stated in Article X of the Nuclear Non-proliferation...
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...The Growing U.S. Concerns with Iran Jeremy Bondy American Military University DEFM600 B001 Win 12 Dr. Oliver Hedgepeth February 25, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 History 4 Assumptions 5 Secrecy of Iran's Nuclear Program 6 Evidence of Nuclear Weapon Development 6 Refusing IAEA Inspections 7 Closing the Straits of Hormuz 8 Iran Aid to Syrian Government 9 Iran's Supporting of Militant Groups 10 Replacing the Iranian Regime 10 Variables Used to Define a Model 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction As time goes on Iran is becoming an increasing area of concern and threat to the United States and its allies. Iran has been working for some time at trying to establish itself as a dominant power, especially within the Middle East. This quest for recognition has caused rising national security concerns within the United States and some of its allied countries. Some of the most recent concerns include; Iran's nuclear program, threats of closing of the Straits of Hormuz, the oil sanctions, and Iran's threats towards other oil producing Arab nations. Iran has also been working at strengthening its ties with Syria, the Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shiite groups in Iraq, and ties to groups in Palestine and Afghanistan. According to Mansour (2008), Iran has many tools in place that have a major impact on their surrounding countries and on the United States. Iran is gaining allot of ground on becoming a dominating force...
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