...Department Disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation Dmitry M. Kuritsyn group 429 MOSCOW 2013 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………3 1. Historical background ……………………………………………….5 1. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)…………………5 2. New non-proliferation agreement……………………………………6 1. New START ………………………………………………….7 2. The future of disarmament ……………………………………10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..11 References…………………………………………………………………...13 Introduction The complexities in implementation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, which includes nuclear disarmament as one of the principle integral parts, have always been the issue in difficult and controversial discussions attended by all members of international community. Nuclear disarmament, which has eventually become the safeguard and a key condition of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime’s successful performance, have always been an effective factor reducing the risk of unleashing a nuclear war and reinforcing the confidence of nuclear-free countries that the threat to their security is contained. The logic of nuclear disarmament is to curtail the lethal nuclear arms race and to provide for better predictability and transparency in this field. The aforementioned factors altogether enable defining the nuclear disarmament as the process crucial to global...
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...Cold War Disarmament Talks Impact of Disarmament Talks on Cold War Tensions from 1963 to 1991 Disarmament talks between the two powers during the period of 1963 to 1991 improved the relationship between Soviet Union and United States by providing the necessary spirit of cooperation. The two most significant examples of arms control talks positively impacting the superpower relationship are the SALT I and INF treaties. Negotiations for SALT I played a part in bringing the two countries from the nuclear 'brinkmanship' of the Cuban missile crisis to détente. Gorbachev realising the importance of arms control in mutual political accommodation, initiated INF. INF and NST alleviated secrecy and suspicion and began a spirit of cooperation that could not have been achieved without successful talks. The interactions also helped the two sides to understand each other better. Through the frequent summit-meetings between Gorbachev and Reagan and Gorbachev and Bush the American public got to know the face of their enemy. This encouraged greater tolerance between the two nations which was necessary if the cold war was to end. The Cuban missile crisis led to the end of a period of nuclear 'brinkmanship' as both sides became very aware of how close they came to nuclear war. In 1963 the US and the USSR made important agreements that contributed to arms control. In June a direct 'hot line' was established between Washington and Moscow. This communication link between the head of states...
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...Forum: Issue: General Assembly First Committee (GA1) The impact of disarmament on development Student Officer: Namit Mehta Position: Deputy Chair Introduction Disarmament and development have a complex yet definite relationship, wherein the implementation of one is favourable for the progress of the other. Disarmament, when not threatening the security of the concerned nation, results in a decrease in military expenditure, reduced global tensions, increased safety and in turn, greater international cooperation and stability. Development, by means of achieving social and economic progress and reducing poverty, increases the wellbeing and stability of nations, hence reducing the need for armaments. Hence, this combination of stability and security provides the basis for the relationship between disarmament and development. This relationship has long since been determined; yet, there are many obstacles, political and non-political, which have deterred the progress of these processes. The reason disarmament has a positive effect on development is the ill effects of armaments or weapons. Weapons can have detrimental effects on development of a country. They can lead to destruction of land, unemployment, increased health care costs, crime, costs of damage, environmental degradation, resource depletion, reduced efficiency of people, increased poverty and class distinctions in society. Hence, through disarmament, these ill effects can be prevented, leading to the possibility of...
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...the initial creation of nuclear deterrence, two U.S. Presidents have offered grand proposals to bring salvation and save humanity from the threat of its own creation, nuclear warfare. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), the first of such proposals, a constellation of space- and ground-based systems that was ‘envisioned by President Ronald Reagan’ would render nuclear weapons ‘impotent and obsolete’. In March 1983, President Reagan gave a speech announcing the program, suggesting that research conducted under SDI “could pave the way for arms control measures to eliminate the weapons themselves”. He believed that, if SDI could make the nation physically invulnerable to ballistic missiles, and if the United States shared this technology with other countries, including the Soviet Union, the groundwork would be laid for a stable, nuclear-free world. Earlier concepts had offered only to control the threat, this presidential initiatives aspired to escape from the cage of...
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...Term Paper Nuclear weapons are the most destructive technology ever developed. From the day fission was discovered in 1938, the problem of controlling this technology has been of central importance to the human race. The world, in which this discovery was made, confused by war and paranoia made the transition from theoretical possibility into actuality inevitable. We are very fortunate that these weapons have not been used, although in some cases we have come very close. We are also fortunate that the powers involved see that we need control practices and have had conferences on disarmament for some time. The question of disarmament has been discussed at the international level ever since the end of the First World War. Between 1918 and the outbreak of the Second World War two attempts towards disarmament were the Geneva protocol of 1925, prohibiting the use in war of gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare and the Briand - Kellog Pact of 1928 which outlawed war. With the coming of nuclear weapons and the terrible destruction which they could bring about, the whole issue of disarmament became considerably more important. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks or SALT Talks was a start to arms control in early 1980’s with the Ronald Reagan administration and has survived but under different names, till today. What was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks? What came about from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks? What did the talks lead into and what are the results...
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...Nuclear weapons related matters are dealt with by different governmental organizations. The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for the operational nuclear stockpile (Arkin and Norris, 1997). In addition that, the Department of Defense is also involved in dismantling retired nuclear stockpile and other nuclear weapons (“The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for carrying out research activities, producing nuclear weapons, and dismantling nuclear warheads and radioactive substances. The Department of Energy also handles nuclear weapons that are being repaired and carries out quality assurance activities to ensure maximum quality of the weapons produced (Arkin and Norris, 1997; “The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). The Department of Defense and the Department of Energy are jointly responsible for nuclear weapons under the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The NNSA itself is responsible for supervising and overlooking domains such as “design, evaluation, quality assurance, repair, modification, refurbishment, dismantlement, disposal, and security” of nuclear weapons that are under the charge of the DOE (“The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). On the other hand the DOD is primarily involved in handling all the nuclear weapons; it sets the requirements for the nuclear weapons; creates, fields, and maintains...
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...The Nuclear Arms Race negatively affected the world in such a way that humans feared about the fact at any given moment, any country would make the decision to use any strategy, even if it had to involve such destructive weapons, in order to be victorious over their competitor (“The Effects”). Therefore, the countries involved with the Nuclear Arms Race led to the creation of prestige weapons that were more destructive than "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" (Yass 112). Furthermore, the Nuclear Arms Race took a toll on Americans' personal lives, fearful about the potential bombings that may occur at any given moment. Ultimately, Americans created bomb shelters and practiced drills in public places, such as schools. For example, the "Duck and...
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...I argue that over the course of time from 1953 to 1963 there was a shift in America’s public and political opinion from supporting the participation in another potential war to demanding diplomacy in all foreign affairs. This was demonstrated by the United States’ growing efforts in ending the arms race peacefully, John F. Kennedy’s successful attempts at diplomacy with European countries, and the negative mentality of some active soldiers in the Korean War. The Arms Race between the United States and the Soviet Union started with the first nuclear bombings of the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This escalated to a period of time where international tensions were at an all time high, this era now referred to as the Cold War. During the early...
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...hereinafter referred to as the "Parties to the Treaty", Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples, Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons, Undertaking to cooperate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities, Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points, Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties of the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon States, Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in...
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...Hiroshima, Japan. This atomic bomb, the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, flattened the city, killing tens of thousands of civilians. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation three days later, the United States struck again, this time, on Nagasaki.[1] The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. These two events represent the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date. [2] Following a firebombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, and the United States deployed two nuclear weapons developed by the Manhattan Project. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man over Nagasaki on 9 August.[3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day.[4] The Hiroshima prefecture health department estimated that, of the people...
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...two leaders reached a series of agreements on arms control. Bush continued on the path of arms control, attending more meetings and signing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) with Gorbachev furthering the goal of disarmament over time, as it would reduce Soviet and American Nuclear stock piles by 36% over the next seven years. Aside from the Cold war Reagan continued containment polices like his predecessors, the big example being operation urgent fury. Which was an American invasion of Grenada to secure a democratic government there. Reagan’s involvement in the Lebanese Civil war also continued his military involvement. This involvement and the helping in international crisis continued under Bush who spearheaded similar operations in Kuwait as apart of the Gulf war. While its easy to compare Bush and Reagan’s foreign policy it becomes harder to do the same Clinton. This is because the fall of Soviet Union meant drastic offering policy shifts. While in office Clinton continued with international involvement like his predecessors with a focus on protecting civilians. He also made great strives in negating peace in the middle east between Israel and its neighbours. Clinton like Reagan was very supportive of the state of Israel but took it a step further by brining them to the table with there neighbours in an attempt to broker peace. In conclusion the hallmark of Reagan’s Foreign policy was leading the path to disarmament with the Soviet Union and at the same time bankrupting...
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...Aftermath of Chernobyl Chernobyl remains as one of the worst nuclear disasters recoded in modern history. Even though the most severe consequences of the event occurred in the Soviet Union, this incident changed the course of modern European history. This event affects nuclear industry through the decline in nuclear power plants, anti-nuclear movements, arms agreements through nuclear disarmament, environmental movement, and more renewable energy sources. Chernobyl is a catalyst for Germany’s place as an anti-nuclear country as well as a leading developer in new renewable sources of energy for the modern world. Some background information about the Chernobyl disaster was initially discovered when a Swedish Nuclear power plant “set off warnings during a routine radioactivity check… When other nuclear power plants reported similar happenings, the authorities turned their attention to the Soviet Union, from which the winds were coming” due to the fact that the Soviet Union attempted to hide their serious nuclear problem. When the Soviet Union finally admitted the accident occurred, due to pressure by Sweden under UN treaties, the USSR claimed, “the Chernobyl accident was the first ever in a Soviet nuclear power plant” or in other words the first accident they admit to happen. According to the Encyclopedia of Russian History, the disaster ironically happened after a failed safety equipment test that blew off the roof of reactor four. It ultimately killed thirty-one people from the...
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...Mark Dissen 4/15/2013 Nuclear Arms Race Term Paper The Nuclear Threat During the Berlin Crisis Introduction On November 10, 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech at a Soviet-Polish meeting in Moscow that would ultimately culminate into one of the most profound crises of the Cold War. The Soviet leader accused the Western Powers of violating the 1945 Potsdam Agreement and sabotaging the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and recommended that the Federal Republic abandon, “the hope that we shall cease to support the German Democratic Republic.” (Address by Premier, 1958). Soon after, Khrushchev delivered a speech giving an ultimatum to the allies and gave them six months to demilitarize West Berlin. The Allies' subsequent refusal and the resulting tension put both the U.S.S.R. and the United States in a particularly dangerous situation. Although it is unlikely that full-out thermonuclear war would have resulted from the Berlin Crisis, there was a very real threat of a limited nuclear strike or conventional warfare to both of the superpowers until the tension over Berlin was assuaged. Although November 1958 marked the official beginning of the crisis, Berlin had been a source of contention between the US and the Soviets from the initial division of Germany after WWII (Tine, 2005). The three territorial zones in Western Germany, controlled by France, Britain, and the US, contrasted greatly with the Soviet-controlled East, which upheld socialism. Berlin itself...
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...the establishment of new peace operation including: i. whether there is a ceasefire in place and the parties have committed themselves to a peace process intended to reach a political settlement ii. Whether a clear political goal exists and whether it can be reflected in the mandate iii. Whether a precise mandate for a UN operation can be formulated iv. Whether the safety and security of UN personnel can be reasonably ensured, including in particular whether reasonable guarantees can be obtained from the main parties or factions regarding the safety and security of UN personnel The changing role of the United Nations includes the following. Conflict resolution, conflict prevention, women peace security Collective security, disarmament, peace building, and The development of new international arrangement to promote peace stability and the general welfare among others. ROLES OF UNITED NATIONS IN MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Many international controversies do not even come before the UN because the parties directly involved prefer to handle their differences by other means, including force or direct negotiations. The conflicts that are considered by the Security Council are usually serious and potentially dangerous to peace. A country may turn to the UN in the hope that its claim will receive international recognition and its case will be strengthened or because direct contact with the...
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...Abolition of Weapons of Mass Destruction Leading to the instantaneous deaths of over 140,000 people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, nuclear weapons are the most dangerous and unnecessary hazard for not only the United States, but all nations around the world (Cimbala 51). Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) including nuclear weapons, were deemed “totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, [and] possibly leading to the destruction of life on Earth and civilization” by Ronald Reagan at the formation of the nuclear age (Shultz 2). Nuclear weapons cost the United States enormous amounts of money every year, result in the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other nations, concentrate power undemocratically and risk nuclear accidents; therefore, should be utterly eliminated. United States spending not only includes the manufacture of weapons, but also upkeep of the weapons, compensation for the fallout when testing the weapons, compensation to citizens with radiation exposure, emergency locations for citizens, recovery and waste disposal efforts, and defense spending. According to the Brookings Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project the United States disbursed an estimated $35.1 billion on all U.S. nuclear weapons and weapon related programs (Schwartz 7). $14 billion is set aside to maintain and house the nearly 20,000 nuclear weapons across the United States (Kimbrell 1). If these weapons were eliminated billions of dollars could be put towards essential programs...
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