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Konfilk agama
Terdapat beberapa punca terus mencetuskan konflik agama. Punca konflik agama yang pertama ialah pandangan yang berbeza antara penganut ( Fernandez, 2004). Setiap ajaran agama mengajar penganutnya supaya menjadi insan yang baik, bertolak ansur, serta menghormati agama lain. Namun begitu, pandangan yang berbeza antara penganutnya menyebabkan berlakunya konflik antara agama lain. Mereka jaga menganggap ajaran agama merekalah benar serta tidak menerima pandangan atai menghormati ajaran agama lain ( Kahmad, 2002). Hal ini telah menyebabkan perselisihan faham antara agama dan mencetus konflik.
Di samping itu, faktor menyebabkan berlakunya konflik agama ialah perbezaan tingkat kebudayaan. Sebahagian daripada budaya bangsa manusia juga dikenali sebagai bangsa manusia. Kenyataan ini membuktikan bahawa terdapat pelbegai budaya dan bangsa di dunia. Budaya dalam masyarakat boleh dibahagikan kepada du kategori iaitu budaya tradisional dan juga budaya moden ( Kahmad, 2002). Faktor yang mendorong berlakunya konflik agama boleh dinyatakan sebagat perbezaan budaya dalam kelompok masyarakat yang menganut agama yang berbeza di sesuatu tempat atau daerah.
Faktor yang seterusnya ialah perbezaan doktrin agama. Agama sering kali dijadikan sebagai satu identity membezakan antara kumpulan-kumpulan dalam masyarakat dan menjadi identity penting dalam mencorakkan tingkat laku setiap ahli kumpulan (Esa, Sansalu dan Tamring,2011). Satu perbezaan sahaja masih tidak pasti mendatangkan masalah besar, sebaliknya yang menjadi punca utama permasalahan adalah tingkat fanatik yang berlebihan sesebuah masyarakat dalam beragama dan kurangnya pengetahuan agama yang mendalam dalam kalangan penganutnya.
Selain itu, punca yang seterusnya ialah anggapan penganut hanya satu agama ialah benar. Kebanyakan orang yang beragama menganggap bahawa di dunia ini hanya mempunyai satu Tuhan sahaja, iaitu agama mereka sendiri. Oleh sebab mereka percaya hanya satu agama adalah benar, maka mereka membuat alasan bahawa Tuhan yang hanya satu itu tidak akan memberi agama yang berbeza. Pendekatan eksklusif seperti ini pasti akan mendorong sektemisme kerana seseorang itu hanya mempercayai agama sendiri sahaja dan secara langsungnya akan melihat semua agama lain sebagai palsu (Benneth, 2008). Hal ini menyebabkan mereka memberi tanggapan agama lain mungkin berasal dari Iblis (Fernandez, 2004). Konflik agama akan terus berlaku apabila mereka mula melawan itu dengan perasaan yang tegas kerana mereka menganggap agama tersebut akan menjejaskan keharmonian dunia.
Tambahan lagi, punca yang seterusnya ialah kebanyakan penganut agama percaya bahawa agama harus didefinasikan dalam bentuk hitam dan putih. Berfikir secara hitam-putih adalah bermaksud menetapkan batasan pemikiran dengan ukuran-ukuran yang sempit. Cara berfikir seperti ini tidak mengandungi nilai toleransi, nilai timbang rasa dan nilai untuk memudahkan sesuatu. Mereka yang mempunyai fikiran ini menganggap bahawa hanya percaya agama mereka mempunyai kebenaran yang lengkap, sementara semua agama lain yang bertentangan dengannya adalah sama sekali salah (Benneth,2008). Oleh itu, mereka tidak terbuka untuk gagasan bahawa mungkin asa suatu pendekatan terhadap agama yang tidak berdasarkan pendekatan berfikiran hitam dan putih.
Beberapa konflik agama telah berlaku di dunia. Hal ini menyedihkan kerana padahal semua agama di dunia mengajarkan kepada setiap penganutnya untuk saling mangasihi dan menghormati penganut yang lain. Namun konflik ini terjadi dalam sejarah umat manusia, agama sering dijadikan dalih untuk membantai pemeluk yang lain.
Terdapat beberapa negara yang pernah berlaku konflik agama iaitu seperti konflik antara Bosnia-Herzagovina dengan Serbia, konflik Hindu-Islam di India, konflik antara Islam-Kristian di Ambon (Shamsul Amri Baharuddin,2012). Konflik yang serius antara Islam dan Kristian berlaku di Kaherah, Mesir. Konflik ini telah menyebabkan banyak orang terkorban dan cedera. Kejadian tersebut berlaku berikutan sebuah gereja telah diserang olehe penganut Islam dan ini telah menyebabkan ketidakstabilan dan menjejaskan keselamatan di Mesir.
Konflik yang berlaku di Myanmar yang membabitkan etnik Rakhine yang beragama Buddha dan Rohingya yang beragama Islam. Konflik ini telah menyukarkan usaha kerajaan baru pimpinan iaitu Presiden Thein Sein untuk menarik pelaburan asing dan terus menjejaskan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara itu. Di samping itu, masih segar dalam ingatan, berlakulah konflik agama yang berdarah-darahnya atas nama agama di Ambon dan Poso. Begitu juga yang terjadi antara umat beragama di India-Pakistan. Semua konflik ini terjadi kerana fanatisme yang sempit, dan kekurangan pengetahuan dan menghormati pemeluk agama yang lain.
Konflik antara agama merupakan masalah yang kompleks dan apabila ini berlaku sudah tentulah wujudnya penindasan (Benneth, 2008). Hal ini boleh mendorong atau mencetuskan kepada berlakunya perasaan tidak puas hati dan mungkin boleh menyebabkan ketegangan di kalangan masyarakat. Hal ini bermaksud konflik agama banyak membawa kesan negatif. Kesan buruk boleh dikategori sebagai kesan social, kesan ekonomi dan kesan kepada imej negara (Kahmad,2002).
Kesan konflik agama dari segi social ialah konflik agama akan mewujudkan salah faham dan pandangan buruk terhadap penganut-penganut lain. Hal ini akan mewujudkan pandangan serong dan rasa tidak puas hati dalam jangka pendek. Dalam jangka panjang pula, perasaan ini akan terus menjadi teruk dan lebih mendalam dan mungkin akan mencetus rusuhan agama yang membawa keancaman kepada struktur sosial di Malaysia dan rakyat tidak akan dapat dalam keadaan yang harmoni (Kahmad, 2002).
Kesan konflik agama dari segi ekonomi ialah ekoran daripada keruntuhan struktur sosial mungkin akan menyebabkan aktiviti ekonomi tidak dapat berjalan dengan lancar dan mungkin akan berhenti dengan serta-merta. Apabila konflik agama berlaku, ekonomi akan mengalami kerugian kerana kerajaan terpaksa membelajakan banyak duit dalam menggembalikan keamanan negara. Pada masa yang sama, pelabur-pelabur juga akan menghentikan pelaburan di negara yang sedang mengalami konflik kerana risau mangalami kerugian disebabkan ketidakstabilan politik dan keselamatan. Hal ini akan mengurangkan pendapatan negara kerana ekonomi telah terjejas.
Tambahan pula, konflik agama juga akan membawa kesan yang buruk terhadap imej negara. Kerusuhan agama akan mencemarkan nama baik negara dan hal ini akan jelas menunjukkan negara tersebut gagal menyatupadukan penduduknya malah menyebabkan keadaan menjadi semakin teruk. Hal ini telah menconteng arang terhadap imej sesebuah negara sebagai negara yang berdaulat dan harmoni.
Bibliografi:
Fernandez, G.P. 2004. An Encyclopedia of Religion and War ( Religion and Society). New York, United State: Taylor & Francis Group.
Kahmad, Dadang. 2002. Sosiologi Agama. Bandung: PT Remaja Roskadarkarya.
Mohd Sohaimi Esa, Budi Anto Mohd Tamring dan Dayu Sansalu. 2011. Hubungan Etnik: Kelangsungan Pembinaan Negara Bangsa. Darul Ehsan Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn. Bhd.
Bennett, C. 2008. In Search of Solution: The Problem of Religion and Conflict (Religion & Violence). United Kingdom: Equinox Publishing Ltd.
Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2012. Modul Hubungan Etnik Edisi Kedua. Malaysia: Institusi Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

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