...resistance must be either absent or so small as to be ignored. When the object in free fall is near the surface of the earth, the gravitational force on it is nearly constant. As a result, an object in free fall accelerates downward at a constant rate. This acceleration is usually represented with the symbol g. Physics students measure the acceleration due to gravity using a wide variety of timing methods. In this experiment, you will have the advantage of using a very precise timer connected to the calculator and a Photogate. The Photogate has a beam of infrared light that travels from one side to the other. It can detect whenever this beam is blocked. You will drop a piece of clear plastic with evenly spaced black bars on it, called a Picket Fence. As the Picket Fence passes through the Photogate, the LabPro or CBL 2 interface will measure the time from the leading edge of one bar blocking the beam until the leading edge of the next bar blocks the beam. This timing continues as all eight bars pass through the Photogate. From these measured times, the program will calculate the velocities and accelerations for this motion and graphs will be plotted. Picket fen ce Figure 1 OBJECTIVE • Measure the acceleration of a freely falling body (g) to better than 0.5% precision using a Picket Fence and a Photogate. MATERIALS LabPro or CBL 2 interface TI Graphing Calculator DataGate program Physics with Calculators Vernier Photogate Picket Fence clamp or ring...
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...vehicle acceleration and cornering performance with the Direction Sensitive Locking Differential (DSLD) Master’s Thesis in Automotive Engineering MATTIAS CARLSSON MARKUS TUNLID Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering & Autonomous Systems CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY G¨teborg, Sweden 2011 o Master’s Thesis 2011:19 MASTER’S THESIS 2011:19 Analysis of vehicle acceleration and cornering performance with the Direction Sensitive Locking Differential (DSLD) Master’s Thesis in Automotive Engineering MATTIAS CARLSSON MARKUS TUNLID Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering & Autonomous Systems CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY G¨teborg, Sweden 2011 o Analysis of vehicle acceleration and cornering performance with the Direction Sensitive Locking Differential (DSLD) MATTIAS CARLSSON MARKUS TUNLID c MATTIAS CARLSSON, MARKUS TUNLID, 2011 Master’s Thesis 2011:19 ISSN 1652-8557 Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering & Autonomous Systems Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 G¨teborg o Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 The work was performed at: Haldex Traction AB AWD Control Software & Vehicle Dynamics SE-261 24 Landskrona Sweden Contact person: Tord Diswall Telephone: + 46 (0)418-47 67 47 Contact person: Niklas Westerlund Telephone: + 46 (0)418-47 67 15 Cover: The 2006 Bugatti Veyron with an eLSD Chalmers Reproservice G¨teborg, Sweden 2011 o Analysis of vehicle acceleration and cornering...
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...Laboratory Report: Acceleration on an Incline Purpose: 0 Use a Motion Detector to measure the speed and acceleration of a cart rolling down an incline. 1 Determine the mathematical relationship between the angle of an incline and the acceleration of the cart. 2 Determine the value of free fall acceleration, g, by extrapolating the acceleration vs. sine of track angle graph. 3 Determine if an extrapolation of the acceleration vs. sine of track angle is valid. Materials: * Computer * Vernier computer interface. * Logger Pro. * Vernier Motion Detector. * Dynamics cart. * Meter stick. * Ramp. * Books. Procedure: 1. Connect the Motion Detector to the DIG/SONIC 1 channel of the interface. 2. Place a single book under one end of a 1 – 3 m long board or track so that it forms a small angle with the horizontal. Adjust the points of contact of the two ends of the incline, so that the distance, x, in Figure 1 is between 1 and 3 m. 3. Place the Motion Detector at the top of an incline. Place it so the cart will never be closer than 0.4 m. 4. Open the file “04 g On An Incline” from the Physics with Vernier folder. 5. Hold the cart on the incline about 0.5 m from the Motion Detector. 6. Click to begin collecting data; release the cart after the Motion Detector starts to click. Get your hand out of the Motion Detector path quickly. You may have to adjust the position and aim of the Motion Detector several times before you get...
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...constant velocity and at a constant and at a constant acceleration was observed. The purpose was to find the changes in position and velocity to determine a better understanding of velocity and acceleration of an object as time progresses. Thi slab was trying to find out how the data plotted will relate to velocity and acceleration on a position time graph, and how data plotted on a velocity time graph related to acceleration. In this lab, a cart was pushed down a track, as the cart was moving down the track, the time was taken, when it reached certain intervals, those times were then recorded. As a result of this lab, by finding the position and time, it equaled the velocity of the...
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...trials of measuring the time it took a pendulum to make 30 complete oscillations. We divided that time by 30 to get the period and then took the average of all 5 trials, getting an average period of 1.88 seconds. To compare our results, and see if they were correct, we used the given equation for the period of motion that includes the length of the pendulum to calculate the period for the same pendulum, resulting in 1.87 seconds, which agreed with our earlier results. This shows that period of oscillations can be determined by length and gravitational acceleration, and doesn’t depend on mass. In our other activity, we measured the period of an oscillating mass connected to a spring. We had a hanging spring, and hung mass to the bottom of it, each time measuring the change in length of the spring from the time before. To find the spring constant, we used the masses added to calculate each of their elastic forces, by multiplying each by gravitational acceleration, then plotting them with their corresponding spring deformation, and the slope of that graph was the spring constant, k, which was 8.22 N/m. Using this value, we calculated the period of motion for the mass of 0.1 kg using a different given equation than the one before, obtaining a period of 0.69 seconds. To verify our results, we used the VideoCom to graph the spring as we placed 0.1 kg on it and then bounced it, then calculated a period from position, velocity, and acceleration vs time graphs by finding the...
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...GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Using Work and Kinetic Energy) Joanne Gambon, Cheska Santos, Kim Urbano, Anna Veluz Abstract The researchers are tasked to perform an experiment involving force, work, and Kinetic energy. To perform the experiment, the researchers used graphing software to record their graphs, a dynamic cart, a pulley, ramp and a set of weights. The researchers started with gathering the data by attaching the cart to a pulley that is attached to a weight holder. Different weights are attached to determine its effect on the cart. The researchers then analyzed and computed the remaining data to get their desired variables. The researchers also graphed the obtained values for force vs. work and kinetic energy vs. work to compare the data. I. Introduction A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force.[1] When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object, it is said that work was done upon the object. There are three key ingredients to work - force, displacement, and cause. In order for a force to qualify as having done work on an object, there must be a displacement and the force must cause the displacement.[2] Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or horizontal...
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...sketch and test acceleration vs. time kinematics graphs To review predicting and sketching distance vs. time and velocity vs. time kinematics graphs PROCEDURE: Begin by making charts like the one below for each of the following a-d a. The man walks slowly to the house from the origin. Position –Time Graph The moving man starts at a position of -8 meters and is accelerating at 1 m/s 2. He starts with a velocity of 0 m/s. After 1 second, he will be going 1 m/s (remember acceleration is 1 m/s per s so velocity will change by +1 m/s with each second that elapses). So after 2 seconds, he will be going 2 m/s, etc. If you carry this motion out with moving man, you see it will take him 4 seconds to get to the origin (a position of 0 meters), or equivalently to move +8 meters from where he started. At 4 seconds, he will have a velocity of 4 m/s On the Position-Time graph, the line is a positive consistent rise. This is because his position is going in a positive direction as well as the time is going in a consistent positive direction. Explanation for graph’s appearance –after actually performing the activity. Velocity-Time Graph On the Velocity-Time graph, the line is straight across at 2 m/s because the velocity does not change because of the consistent speed of the man walking to the house. Since the velocity is constant the acceleration is zero. Explanation for graph’s appearance - after actually performing the activity. Acceleration –Time Graph On the Acceleration-Time graph, the...
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...bar graph” created for this experiment displayed the VW van with the longest bar. The VW van had a velocity of 1.44m/s, while the Taco truck had a velocity of 1.38m/s, and the Bug car had a velocity of 0.97m/s. In the “distance vs. time graph”, the Spidey car was the...
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...Radio Waves & Electromagnetic Fields SIM Homework 1) For this question, use the Radio Waves & Electromagnetic Fields simulation to guide your understanding of how Radio broadcasting and Radio receivers work. a) How is the radiating electric field (or electromagnetic signal) produced when radio stations broadcast? Include a description of what is producing the signal as well as the reasoning behind how this could produce a signal. b) How does your antenna work to detect this electromagnetic signal produced when radio stations broadcast? Include the physics principles that support your description of how this signal is detected. 2) Using the simulation, adjust the transmitter so that it is in sinusoidal mode and the electrons are oscillating up and down at a regular frequency. This is how radio waves are broadcast. Set it so that both “display the curve” and the “radiated field” boxes are checked. a) What does the curve represent? The line of electrons being sprayed off of the antenna that then cause the receiver electron to move. The path that an electron will follow due to the electromagnetic wave. The evenly spaced electrons moving up and down between the two antennae. The field of negative charges that are moving through space. The strength and direction of the force that would be exerted by the electromagnetic wave on an electron. b) With the frequency set at the mid-point of the slider and the amplitude set at the mid-point of the slider, approximately...
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...determine the acceleration of the weights of an Atwood’s Machine, both experimentally and theoretically. We will attempt to verify Newton’s Second law which is a mathematical statement relating force, mass, and acceleration. Newton’s Second law states that acceleration, a, is directly related to net force, F, and inversely related to mass, m. Naturally this give F=ma. Using the Atwood’s Machine experimental acceleration data (for 10 different runs with 10 different combinations of masses) will be gathered and compared to the theoretical acceleration which is predicted by Newton’s Second Law using a modified version of F=ma. The only two variables in this system system that we will control are the the two masses. We also know the value of gravity, which was set a 9.8 m/s2. We will see if the second law is if fact true via our experiment and we will test calculate the error of our findings when compared to the theoretical findings. Discussion Newton claims that the the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it (in the direction of the net force) and that the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Or more simply stated F=ma. To verify this we used a pre-assembled Atwood’s Machine. Our machine is a modern version of Rev. George Atwood’s original contraption. Ours uses a electronic seeing eye to detect spoke movement of the pulley. This information is used to by DataStudio to compute the acceleration of the the...
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...receivers work. This simulation is available at the Physics 1010 Homepage. a) How is the radiating electric field (or electromagnetic signal) produced when radio stations broadcast? Include a description of what is producing the signal as well as the reasoning behind how this could produce a signal. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charges. In the radio transmitter, electrons oscillate up and down and are thus accelerating. An electron will exert a force on another electron when they are some distance away, like charges repel. When the electron in the transmitter oscillates up and down, the direction of the force it exerts changes since the source of the force (the oscillating electron) is moving. It takes some time for the change in this direction of the force to be felt since this change is communicated or propagated out at the speed of light. In addition, the horizontal component of this force is canceled by the positive charges in the transmitting antenna. So, the resulting force is an oscillating force that pushes vertically on electrons. This force propagates out as a wave as the signal travels at the speed of light. b) How does your antenna work to detect this electromagnetic signal produced when radio stations broadcast? Include the physics principles that support your description of how this signal is detected. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exerts a steadily oscillating force on charges (electrons)... first the force...
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...constant? !Do two objects behave differently if they have: !different masses? !different shapes? Acceleration Due to Gravity " Earth exerts a gravitational force on objects that is attractive (towards Earth’s surface). " Near Earth’s surface, this force produces a constant acceleration downward. # # # To measure this acceleration, we need to slow down the action. Galileo was the first to accurately measure this acceleration due to gravity. By rolling objects down an inclined plane, he slowed the motion enough to establish that the gravitational acceleration is uniform, or constant with time. Inclined Plane Experiment !Does the marble pick up speed as it rolls? !Is it moving faster at the bottom of the incline than it was halfway down? " Flashes of a stroboscope illuminate a falling ball at equal time intervals. " Distance covered in successive time intervals increases regularly. " Since distance covered in equal time intervals is increasing, the velocity must be increasing. " Average velocity for a time interval is given by dividing the distance traveled in that time interval by the time of the interval. " For example, between the 2nd and 3rd flashes, the ball travels a distance of 4.8 cm - 1.2 cm = 3.6 cm in a time of 0.05 s: 3.6 cm v= = 72 cm/s 0.05 s ! " The velocity values steadily increase. Time 0s 0.05 s 0.10 s 0.15 s 0.20 s 0.25 s 0.30 s 0.35 s Position 0 cm 1.2 cm 4.8 cm 11.0 cm ...
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...tossed up in our laboratory, the acceleration of the particle will be? (Neglect air resistance.) (a) 0 (b) 9.81 m/s2 (c) greater than 9.81 m/s2 (d) less than 9.81 m/s2 Q3. A man of weight 500 N stands on a scale in an elevator which is accelerating upward. The scale reading is: (a) 500 N. (b) less than 500 N (c) greater than 500 N (d) not enough information to determine it (2) Communication: Briefly describe the talk you presented to class and how well the audience understood what you discussed. (3) Empirical and Quantitative Skills: Q1. Using the following collected data of position vs time, find the average speed, velocity in the whole process and the instantaneous speed, velocity, and acceleration at t = 2.0 sec. (Note that the position is the vertical axis and its unit is in meter and the time is the horizontal axis and its unit is in second.) Position (m) | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 1.20 | Time (sec) | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.00 | 2.25 | Q2. At one moment, the masses, positions, velocities, and accelerations of three particles are determined...
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...cliff. If the cliff is 33.5 m high, how much time for the moose to reach the bottom? [2.61 s] 2. An engine falls off of a 737 from a height of 2500 m. Ignoring wind resistance, how fast is the engine traveling when it smacks into the turf? [221 m/s] 3. You toss a ball straight up in the air, it goes up, comes down, and you catch it. If it took 5.6 s from when you threw it to when you caught it, how high did it go? [38.4 m] 4. In 1947 Bob Feller, a pitcher for the Cleveland Indians, threw a baseball across the plate at 98.6 mph or 44.1 m/s. For many years this was the fastest pitch ever measured. If Bob had thrown the pitch straight up, how high would it have gone? [99.2 m] 5. You are on top of a building that is 75.0 m tall. You toss a ball straight up with an initial velocity of 33.8 m/s. How high does the ball travel above the ground? It goes up and then falls down to the ground below. How much time is it in the air total? [133.3 m, 8.67 s] 6. A ball is thrown straight down from a bridge with an initial velocity of 18.5 m/s. If it travels for 2.3 sec, how high is the bridge? [68.5 m] 7. A ball rolls down a ramp with very little friction. Which of the following is not true? (A) The ball covers a greater distance with each time increment. (B) The ball’s acceleration increases with each time increment. (C) The ball’s velocity increases with each time increment. (D) The distance that the ball covers in one second depends on the time and the ball’s initial velocity. 8. A race car...
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...which separates high pressure region and low pressure region such that the valve opens suddenly (i.e., in the order of milliseconds) and thus producing shock waves. The instantaneous rise in pressure and temperature of a medium can be used in a variety of industrial applications Key words: Shock waves, Shock tubes, CFD, Pneumatic Valve 1 Introduction The ability of shock waves to instantaneously increase the pressure and temperature in a medium of propagation enables their use for many novel industrial applications[1]. In some sense the presence of a shockwave propagating in an enclosed medium can be similar to a furnace where, in addition to temperature, even pressure can go up instantaneously and remain at elevated levels for a short time and then come back to ambient conditions. There is no other method by which one can achieve high pressure and temperature in a medium so quickly. Shockwaves are essentially non-linear waves that propagate at supersonic speeds. Such disturbances occur in steady transonic or supersonic flows, during explosions, earthquakes, hydraulic jumps and lightning strokes. The ability of shock waves to...
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