...Steps for Writing Critiques (from Behrens and Rosen’s Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 12th Edition) 1. Introduce. Introduce both the passage under analysis and the author. State the author’s main argument and the point(s) you intend to make about it. Provide background information to help readers understand the relevance of the passage. This background information may include one or more of the following: * an explanation of why the subject is of current interest * a reference to a possible controversy surrounding the subject of the passage or the passage itself * biographical information about the author * an account of the circumstances under which the passage was written * a reference to the intended audience of the passage 2. Summarize. Summarize the author’s main points, making sure to state the author’s purpose for writing. 3. Assess the presentation. Evaluate the validity of the author’s presentation, distinct from your points of agreement or disagreement. Comment on the author’s success in achieving his or her purpose, by reviewing three or four specific points. Base you review on one or more of the following criteria: * Is the information accurate? * Is the information significant? * Has the author defined terms clearly? * Has the author used and interpreted information fairly? * Has the author argued logically? 4. Respond to the presentation. NOW you can respond to the author’s views. With...
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...well, never mind that. When are you going to pay me for that bet? Moe : When it rains cats and dogs. [rhetorical analogy] Mack : You mean when you actually take a shower? [rhetorical analogy] You know I won that bet fair and square. A bet is a bet, now give me my $20. Moe : You , I and everyone else who watched the fight knows he was drunk when he got in the ring. Or were you drunk when you watched it? [rhetorical question] Mack : Moe, pay me already. Why you making such a huge problem? It’s only $20. [rhetorical question] Moe : I don’t know about you, but $20 is a lot nowadays, especially how the economy’s going. [circumstantial ad hominem] Mack : Good god, man! [hyperbole] How much is too much for you? [line-drawing fallacy] Jest yesterday you were bragging how the boss gave you a bonus [inconsistency ad hominem]. Moe : I never said such thing! Mack : Yes, you did. Moe : What proof do you have? [misplacing burden of proof] Mack : My memory is like the memory of an elephant. [hyperbole] Moe : Then why couldn’t you remember your wife’s birthday? Mack : That was one time! [question begging] Moe : Yeah well, if I pay you back, Jack would come to me and ask for his money and then Joe will come asking for his money and then that kid I borrowed that quarter from will track me down and ask for his quarter back. [slippery slope] Next thing you know, I’m living in a newspaper fort! [hyperbole] Mack : When will you pay me back then? Moe : Ask me when I get a...
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...Terms of Logical Fallacy Mere assertion is when in an argument or debate and you believe you are right even though you have no evidence or proof you are right. An argument would be, my niece went to a Lynard Skynard concert the previous night. She begin telling me all about this concert how great it was, but she could not produce a ticket or any proof she was actually there. Circular reasoning is when you begin with a premises and ends with a conclusion that are the same thing. We all know Emily Dickinson was a poet in the mid 1800’s. We know she wrote and published Poetry. Were those hers words or someone else’s words we do not know? All we know for sure is the poems were published under her name. Ad hominem is when someone speaks mean against someone else that has nothing to do with the argument at hand. My mom will get onto my sister and she will start telling things on other people thinking it will keep her from being punished. It never stopped her from getting her punishment though. Red herring is when you are in a confrontation and you try to avoid the subject or use distraction. A couple has a disagreement the wife seems to keep changing the subject or sends him on an errand to keep from having the conversation for various...
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...EN1420: Module 3 Identifying, Organizing, and Analyzing Your Sources Exercise 3.1: Identify the Logical Fallacies Each statement below contains a logical fallacy. Identify the fallacy and briefly explain, in one or two sentences, why it is an error in reasoning. 1. Mabel is not qualified to lead the school board because she used to drink liquor in her 20s. • Ad hominem: committed by attacking the person who's making an argument, rather than the argument itself. One of the most common fallacies, it is a direct attack on a person's character rather than focusing on his or her arguments. Stating that Mabel used to drink that why she is not qualified it a person attack. 2. A child can be either an athlete or a good student. • Either/Or: An oversimplification that assumingly reduces several alternatives to a mere binary opposition, basically means you only have two choices. You only have two choices of being a athlete or a good student. You can choose to be bad student if you wanted. 3. Any change in health care will lead to socialism; we don’t want to live in a socialist country, so we can’t reform health care. • Slippery Slope (Bad Precedent): assuming that a proposed step will set off an uncontrollable chain of undesirable events. Changing health will lead to socialism is an extreme statement. 4. All teenagers text while they drive; therefore, we should raise the driving age to 21. • Hasty Generalization: drawing conclusions from too little of evidence and often relying...
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...In “Busy Is a Sickness” Scott Dannemiller argues that there is two different types of busyness and why he needs to change his ways because he is taking what he has for granite. The two types of busyness are “busyness with control” which is created by self-created stress and “busyness without control” that usually affects the poor because the have to work multiple jobs to maintain a healthy lifestyle for themselves and family. In “Busy Is a Sickness” Scott describes that his busyness is busyness with control and that he created his own stress by always having the urgency to rush because of a full schedule that he created. Scott gives an example by explaining how he rushes his kids in the morning to eat fast and to hurry so they won't be late...
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...You are in a restaurant and there is a woman there with six kids of different ages. You automatically think that she is obviously on welfare to support all those children. By making assumptions about her situation, you have just stereotyped her. Stereotyping is when you associate a person with a certain category or group of people based on fallacious arguments (Mosser, 2011, 4.1). As humans, we fall victim to being stereotyped without even knowing it. Sometimes it can be blatant, liken if you hear someone speaking derogatory about you, or you feel the unwanted stares from others. But what we don’t realize is that when we commit these fallacies, we run the risk of hurting the very people we are stereotyping. The stereotypes that we encounter in our everyday lives can have lasting effects on ourselves as well as those around us. As an African American woman in charge of a successful business operation, I am a walking stereotype. A typical stereotype that I face every day is that I am a woman, and as such, am incapable of running a business. Now, unlike the women in the article, “Stereotyping Has Lasting Negative Effect” by April Kemick (2010), I never let peoples’ stereotypical implications affect my success. The article goes on to show that women who are stereotyped are irrational, aggressive, and suffer an inability to focus (Kemick, 2010). The type of fallacious argument used here would be hasty generalization. As with most fallacious arguments, hasty generalizations occur...
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...Earth, rather than the other way around, then you’ll be excommunicated from the Church. Therefore: (2) The Sun orbits the Earth, rather than the other way around. This argument, if it can properly be called an argument, makes no attempt to provide evidence for its conclusion; whether or not you’ll be excommunicated for disbelieving the geocentric model has no bearing on whether the geocentric model is true. The argument therefore commits the appeal to force fallacy. Example: Ad Hominem (1) William Dembski argues that modern biology supports the idea that there is an intelligent designer who created life. (2) Dembski would say that because he’s religious. Therefore: (3) Modern biology doesn’t support intelligent design. This argument rejects the view that intelligent design is supported by modern science based on a remark about the person advancing the view, not by engaging with modern biology. It ignores the argument, focusing only on the arguer; it is therefore a fallacious argument ad hominem. Red Herring “You may think that he cheated on the test, but look at the poor little thing! How would he feel if you made him sit it again?” An appeal to pity, for example, can be used to distract from the issue at hand. Example: Bandwagon (1) Increasingly, people are coming to believe that Eastern religions help us to get in touch with our true inner being. Therefore: (2) Eastern religions help us to get in touch with our true inner being. This argument commits the...
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...Stereotype about Me Melissa Williams Informal Logic Jerry Voltura August 13, 2012 Stereotype about Me “Stereotypes are pictures in our heads about a category of people (Lippman 1922). Stereotypes are positive or negative sets of beliefs held by an individual about the characteristics of group” (Mindiola, Niemann, Rodriguez & Nestor (2002), p. 36). I feel I was stereotype because of the color of my skin. I worked in the banking field that I was asked to go to another branch when that assistant manager went on vacation. I realize when I was there that customer always looking at me and wondered where the other lady was. This branch was located in an area that was prominently white. I was later asked to go permanently down this branch to run it. I did hesitate to take the promotion because of my experience I had down there when I would relieve the other lady. But I decided to take the position. I had one true bad experience when I got there. I had a customer in the drive thru ask my teller if she wanted my job. I was so upset about this because I did not understand what I could have possible done to this customer. I did confront this customer and ever since than I did not have any issue but every time she came through I made sure she knew that I was still in that office. I still had a lot people would go to my assistant but I tried to not let it bother me and then realize my assistant always had to go through me to get something approved. This is an example...
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...10 September 2013 Eco-Defense Is the defense of trees equivalent to the defense of our families? Edward Abbey would have you think this to be true. In his speech Eco-Defense, he begins by making the reader feel threatened and ignites a need to put up some kind of defense. For example, in the first sentence he poses the scenario “If a stranger batters your door down with an axe, threatens your family and yourself with deadly weapons, and proceeds to loot your home of whatever he wants” (344 Abbey) it is a crime, which connects with the reader on a deeper and more emotional level. This, however, is not the main point of Abbey’s speech. He attempts to bring the readers to arms to save the forests and trees, but he does so in an unconventional way that could have dire consequences. Abbey was born in 1927 and lived in Pennsylvania until he joined the army after graduating high school. He grew up during the depression, which caused his family to be on the brink of poverty. Ironically, his father worked as a lumberjack when Abbey was a child. Growing up during the depression and watching his father work as a lumber jack could have helped spur on his desire to save the wilderness. He feels so passionately about his cause that the reader should question what ignited that passion to begin with. As a child, he was probably taught to save resources at all costs, but as an adult realized the resources he should be saving are the natural ones. As well-meaning as Abbey is, it is hard...
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...CONSTRUCTIVE SPEECH (NEGATIVE-PRACTICABILITY) Ladies and Gentlemen, Good afternoon. Lovely to see you all here today. Let me begin by defining what Political dynasty is according to the section 3 of the senate bill no. 2649 since it is stated in the constitution itself to have a law that clearly define this. "Political Dynasty" - shall exist when a person who is the spouse of an incumbent elective official or relative within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity of an incumbent elective official holds or runs for an elective office simultaneously with the incumbent elective official within the same province or occupies the same office immediately after the term of office of the incumbent elective official. It shall also be deemed to exist where two (2) or more persons who are spouses or are related within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity run simultaneously for elective public office within the same province, even if neither is so related to an incumbent elective official. It has been clearly stated in our very own constitution that Political dynasties should be prohibited to guarantee equal access of opportunities for the people of the Philippines to run for a public office. But is the abolition of such phenomenon in our political environment practical? As in does this political dynasty so wrong that no trace of goodness was left in it whereas its complete eradication will help improve the current moral, social, economic and political status...
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...Devry Phil 447 Final Exam IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work then Click The Link Below For Instant Down Load http://www.hwspeed.com/Devry-Phil-447-Final-Exam-0404044480.htm?categoryId=-1 IF You Face Any Problem Then E Mail Us At JOHNMATE1122@GMAIL.COM Question Page 1 Question 1.1. (TCO 1) "Thinking about thinking" is the definition of what? (Points : 4) Development of arguments Measure of good sense Development of critical skills Writing for clarity Critical thinking Question 2.2. (TCO 1, 2, 4) What is the principle concern when handling an issue? (Points : 4) Whether a given claim is true or not Whether the claim at issue attaches to the conclusion or not Whether the claim at issue is clearly understood Whether the claim is not ambiguous Whether the claim at issue is open for discussion and resolution Question 3.3. (TCO 1, 2, 3) What are the two conditions needed for a premise to offer support for a conclusion? (Points : 4) It is ethical and justifies an action It provides knowledge and defines terms It provides reasons and analyzes data It specifies what caused something and how it works It is true and relevant to the conclusion Question 4.4. (TCOs 2, 3) For inductive arguments, how do we measure their quality as stronger or weaker? (Points : 4) Based on how much support their premises provide for the conclusion Based on requiring little translation into syllogistic form Based on their appearing in a standard form Based on the clear...
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...is when somebody asserts that a thought or conviction is correct since it is the thing that the general population accept. Mormonism is one of the fastest growing sects of Christianity today so that whole story about Joseph Smith getting the golden plates that, unfortunately, disappeared back into heaven, must be true! 4. Association Fallacy Sometimes called “guilt by affiliation,” this happens when somebody connects a particular thought or drill to something or somebody negative so as to infer blame on another individual. Having a lot of friends who speak out in a prejudiced way and not distancing yourself from their statements so you are thought to be prejudiced as well. 5. Attacking the Person Also regarded as “Argumentum ad Hominem” (argument against the man), this is a common fallacy used during debates where an individual substitutes a rebuttal with a personal insult. My opponent suggests that lowering taxes will be a good idea -- this is coming from a woman who eats a pint of Ben and Jerry’s each night!...
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...Master List of Logical Fallacies Fallacies are fake or deceptive arguments, arguments that prove nothing. Fallacies often seem superficially sound, and far too often have immense persuasive power, even after being clearly exposed as false. Fallacies are not always deliberate, but a good scholar’s purpose is always to identify and unmask fallacies in arguments. Ad Hominem Argument: Also, "personal attack," "poisoning the well." The fallacy of attempting to refute an argument by attacking the opposition’s personal character or reputation, using a corrupted negative argument from ethos. E.g., "He's so evil that you can't believe anything he says." See also Guilt by Association. Also applies to cases where potential opposing arguments are brushed aside without comment or consideration, as simply not worth arguing about. Appeal to Closure. The contemporary fallacy that an argument, standpoint, action or conclusion must be accepted, no matter how questionable, or else the point will remain unsettled and those affected will be denied "closure." This refuses to recognize the truth that some points will indeed remain unsettled, perhaps forever. (E.g., "Society would be protected, crime would be deterred and justice served if we sentence you to life without parole, but we need to execute you in order to provide some sense of closure.") (See also "Argument from Ignorance," "Argument from Consequences.") Appeal to Heaven: (also Deus Vult, Gott...
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...rough. 4. Division Louisians are rich and intelligent. Marianne Julia Angeles is a Louisian. Therefore, Marianne Julia Angeles is rich and intelligent. 5. Accent God with him all is possible. 6. Word Construction If the past tense of ride is rode. If the past tense of abide is abode. Therefore, the past tense of reside is resode. B. Fallacies in the Matter I. Fallacies of Irrelevant Evidence: 1. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity) “I was fired and I’m broke that is why you should give me money”, the beggar said. 2. Argumentum Ad Populum (Appeal to People) Wear bikini in school because everyone else is visiting it. 3. Argumentum Ad Hominem (Argument Against the Person) Why should I take beauty tips from you if yourself is ugly. 4. Argumentum Ad Baculum (Appeal to the Stick) Give me one million dollars or else your baby tarantula will die. 5. Argumentum ad Vercundiam (Appeal to Wrong Authority) I’m so sad. My veterinarian just diagnosed me of cancer. 6. Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance) Do you agree with me if I tell you that aliens made the crop circles? 7. Non-Sequitur (It does not follow) Roses are red violets are blue. God made me beautiful. Therefore, I am thinking of you....
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...especially prescription terms 5. motto 6. prefix 7. root 8. root 9. author 10. title of the above author’s work week 1 1. beati pacifici “Blessed are the peace makers.” 2. A.D. (Anno Domini) “in the year of our Lord” 3. ad hoc (for this purpose) an ad hoc committee is established to complete a certain task; once the task is complete, it is disbanded 4. insomnia (in) not + somnus (sleep) = sleeplessness 5. “Audemus iura nostra defendere.” “We dare defend our rights.” Motto of Alabama 6. a/ ab/ abs--from/ away 7. ferr--iron 8. hibern--winter 9. Plautus 10. Menaechmi week 2 1. carpe diem “Seize the day” (Horace) Live today, for tomorrow you may die. 2. A.M. (Ante Meridiem) “before noon” 3. argumentum ad hominem (argument against man) an argument aimed at attacking the person rather than the issue or position taken; logical fallacy 4. cancer (crab) the disease may have been named for the crab because of its some- times slow progression. 5. “Alis volat propriis.” “She flies on her own wings.” Motto of Oregon 6. ad--to/ toward/ near/ by 7. terr--earth/ land 8. hum--earth/ soil 9. Ennius 10. Annales week 3 1. in loco parentis “in the place of a parent” 2. P.M. (Post Meridiem) “after noon” 3. ad rem...
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