...East Throughout the Middle East governments of Iran and the Ottoman Empire changed during the 19th-century because of different religious ideas, wars with European powers, economic changes and Social Structure. Aqa Muhammad Shah Qajar was the founder of and first ruler of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. He was a great warrior, ruthless leader and executed people on a whim. Through violent means he united Iran into a united territory before being assassinated by his own servants in his tent in 1797. Mohammad Shah Qajar was the Iranian ruler (1834-1848) when the religion of Babism was started. Babism was a new religion that claimed that the bab was the 12th imam. Babism gained followers and by 1848 it was deemed a...
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...Preparatory School Jim Brown’s Role in Shaping Perceptions of Athletes as Advocates for Social Change. Arjun Tummala Honors US History - H Block Mr. Kurt Wahlgren March 15, 2024 To what extent did the activism of Cleveland Browns running back Jim Brown shape perceptions of athletes as advocates for social change? Table of Contents:. Introduction Jim Brown's Emergence as an Activist Public Perceptions and Reactions Legacy and Influence on Athlete Activism Tainted Legacy Conclusion. Both historically and contemporarily, professional athletes have gained popularity not solely for their exceptional abilities within their respective sports, but also for...
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... Page Introduction………………………………………………………….……………………..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah………………………………………….…….1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah…...…………………………………….…….5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens…………………………5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah…………………………..10 After The Islamic Revolution …………………………………………….14 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..19 References…………………………………………………………………..21 Introduction It has been more than 30 years since the victorious Islamic revolution transpired and sought the citizen supported and the forceful death of the Pahlavi dynasty which was ruled, with a denied democracy, under Mohammed shah and his father, Reza shah who were both put forth by the British. Due to the controversial media’s coverage, its western influence and lack of justice, there remains a bitter taste in the mouth of feminists in regards to women’s rights under the newly born Islamic state. In this paper, I will be examining and shedding light on these issues, as well as comparing the current and past roles of women, the differences between the Islamic and Pahlavi imposed laws on these women all within the confines of the diverse domains of Iran, while taking into consideration and presenting the social and political impact that the Pahlavi regime had on women’s movements and how they developed through the years. In order to completely comprehend the differences in a woman’s...
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...specific local contexts and circumstances of individuals, communities, and nations. The challenge of western colonialism caused Muslims to be against European imperialism as it threatened their political, religious and cultural identity. Their responses to colonialism varied from rejection and confrontation to admiration and imitation (PP Islam and the West 24). Showing how reactions to westernization can be specific to region. The country Turkey operates one example of a nonviolent revolution. In Turkey, Islam was showing a more dominant position is the social-economic and political life of society. With the acceptance of westernization, Turkey had been able to experience the power of religion in Muslim politics cordially. A little to the East, the Iranian revolution in Iran reinforced the belief that Muslims wanted to emulate the ideas of the west; economic and political power could be attributed to the rebirth of Islam in contemporary Muslim politics and society (Esposito 222). Both of these examples represent an example of how regions practicing the same religion have a different approach to changes in their society have difference experiences with the experience of westernization. Although united though the confession of...
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...consistency to Mali. This ultimately expanded the empire. Mansa Musa gave away so many gifts of gold that the value of gold fell and did not recover for about twelve years. Although he spent his money generously, he did a lot to strengthen the economy of Mali. This included establishing communications with certain areas, strengthening trade, encouraging new eating habits, and promoting a sense of unity. To strengthen trade in Mali, Mansa Musa created strategic bonds with Morocco and Egypt. Both of these places were important because of their locations along trade routes. By communication with these areas, he solidified these trade routes. Timbuktu also became an important part of the trans-Saharan trade, as well. He also encouraged new eating habits to increase food sources. One example is the unconventional eating of crocodiles. Mansa Musa promoted a sense of unity by encouraging the knowledge of Islam. One of the major aspects of Mansa Musa’s rule was his lavish hajj to Mecca in 1324. This pilgrimage promoted Islam, which strengthened and encouraged education through the Quran. Upon his return, Mansa Musa brought with him architects that redesigned and built new mosques. The development of these mosques led to formal education and schooling of religion. Mansa Kankan Musa was widely liked because he was a Muslim who also tolerated other religions. Askiya Muhammad Ture came to rule Songhai in 1493 after the Muslims overthrew a traditional African religion ruler. Since he was a sincere...
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...Many countries form ideas and rules based on religion that is practiced as a whole by the society of that country. In addition religion continues to affect rules and ideas that is promoted by various cultures. Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity are some of the most popular religions that are used throughout the world. Arabs has made Islamists powerful in Countries like Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco. Religious institutions are a public significance more so now than before. “In the Muslim political imaginary, the khulafa’ al-rashidun represent an idealized moment in history, that of the first four caliphs, the rightly-guided, who came after the prophet Muhammad: Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Umar Ibn al-Khattab, Uthman Ibn Affan, and Ali Ibn Abi Talib. The period from the death of the prophet in 632 to that of Ali in 661 marks a golden era after which political history is conceived as having degenerated. However, Umar Ibn Abd al-Aziz (717-720) from the Umayyad dynasty is often seen as part of the rightly-guided Caliphs and defines what is often dubbed the “5th caliphate”. He exemplifies the possibility of being a pious and just ruler in times of corruption.” (Zeghal, 2012) The above reference was used by Jebali and was taken out of Islamic past to state about political renewal within an Islamic saying. Representatives of al-Nahda insisted that the reference was symbolic, and did not question al-Nahdha’s commitment to the regime and people’s will as foundation for government...
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...discussion, discourse * Ilm al-kalām = “science of discourse” or il al-tawhīd = “the science of (the divine) unity” * Theology only legitimate when subservient to the religious law, sharī’a * Fiqh = science of Muslim jurisprudence (‘Understanding’) is the chief Islamic science, in light of which all others are judged * Kalām is subordinate to fiqh * Majority of Muslims have given their allegiance in analysis and interpretation of doctrinal matters to the ‘ulamā’ = ‘the scholar jurists’ * THEOLOGICAL ISSUES * Khārijites = faction that seceded from Alī’s Shī’a * Had very high ideal of what Muslim community should be * Called themselves “the people of paradise” * Abandoned their leader Alī after his arbitration with Umayyad challenger, Mu’āwiya * Later also rejected the Umayyads * Now Khārijites = outlaw Muslims who zealously persisted trying to force their vision of Islam on their brothers * Strictest faction = Azraqites – Moderate faction = Najdite * Murji’ite = position that no human can discern whether sinners were still members of “the people of paradise” or citizens of the fiery realm * Idea that God postpones or defers judgement on certain sinners * Murij’ites = postponers = procrastinators * Moderate and tolerant views => provided degree of stability and security in the umma * Sunnī majority => evolved from the Murji’ites * After...
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...MASTERING O’LEVEL ISLAMIAT The only book you will ever need to excel MUHAMMAD BILAL ASLAM 1 All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means without written permission of the author. Book’s Name Author Printer : : : MASTERING O’LVEL ISLAMIAT MUHAMMAD B I LAL ASLAM MAKTABA-JADEED PRESS 14-Empress Road, Lahore. TARIQ NAJIB CORPORATION 16-Temple Road, Lahore. ANEES BOOK CORNER Main Market, Gulberg, Lahore Phone: 042-5751683, 042-5757971, 0300-4498313 1999 2001 2006 2008 Publisher : Stockist : First Edition Second Edition Third Edition Fourth Edition Price : : : : : Rs. 300/- 2 Preface This fourth edition of `Mastering O Level Islamiat’ has been updated in line with the requirements of 200ave tried to make this version as complete and well-rounded as possible by adding a number of new sections and chapters so that students have all the possible information they require under one cover. I have also included in this new version ten standard maps to enable the students to better comprehend a situation and to know where exactly the event took place at the given point of time. Judging by the feedback I have received since this book was first published in 1999, I have very high hopes that Insha Allah it will be as helpful to students as it was then. Amen! Muhammad Bilal Aslam 3 4 Table of Contents • Preface Passages from the Holy Quran History and Importance of the Holy Quran Arabia...
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...Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart. The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith...
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...David · King Solomon · Mary Jesus Christ · Muhammad | Quran reading | Tajwid · Hizb · Tarteel · Quranic guardian Manzil · Qari' · Juz' · Rasm · Ruku' · Sujud | Translations | List of translations · English translations | History | Meccan suras · Medinan suras | Tafsir | Persons related to verses · Justice Asbab al-nuzul · Naskh · Biblical narratives Tahrif · Bakkah · Muqatta'at Esoteric interpretation | Quran and Sunnah | Literalism · Miracles · Science Female figures | Perspectives | Shia · Criticism · Desecration Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn · Tanazzulat Qisas Al-Anbiya · House of the Quran | * v * d * e | | This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Arabic script. | This article is part of the series: | Islam | | Beliefs[show]Oneness of God Prophets · Revealed books Angels · Predestination Day of Resurrection | Practices[show]Profession of faith · Prayer Fasting · Alms · Pilgrimage | Texts & laws[show]Quran · Sunnah · Hadith Fiqh · Sharia · Kalam | History & leaders[show]Timeline · Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt · Sahaba Rashidun · Imamate Caliphate · Spread of Islam | Denominations[show]Sunni · Shia Sufi · Ibadi · Ahmadiyya · Quraniyoon · NOI | Culture & society[show]Academics · Animals · Art Calendar · Children ...
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...«IS IT AN ARAB SPRING OR BUSINESS AS USUAL? RECENT CHANGES IN THE ARAB WORLD IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT" By Michael B. Bishku* INTRODUCTION What began in Tunisia in December 2010 and continues most violently in Syria today has been labeled by observers of and experts on the Middle East as the "Arab Spring," but is that the correct term? (It should be noted that Lebanon engaged in the Cedar Revolution in 2005 - following the assassination of Sunni Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri by Hezbollah operativeswhich resulted in the withdrawal of Syrian froops after 30 years.) While Tunisia seems to be emulating Turkey as a historically secular country with mildly Islamist politicians exercising the greatest amount of influence in their country's respective foreign and domestic affairs, Egypt, the birthplace of the Muslim Brotherhood, appears to be at the center of a struggle between the Islamists and the military, which has dominated politics in that country since the early 1950s, while secularists and the minority Copts feel as if they have been sidelined. Majority Shi'a in Bahrain were quashed in their attempt to have a minority Sunni government recognize their rights, while Yemen's longtime leader was replaced by that country's vice president. Libya toppled an erratic dictator, but has no experience with representative government and like in Yemen the population possesses tribal identities. Syria is now engaged in a brutal civil war in which at least 20,000 people have lost their lives by the...
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...1 African Kingdoms I. General Overview a. The single most important development in the history of northwestern Africa was the use of the camel as a transport vehicle. In ancient times, the Egyptians and Carthaginians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa, even though west Africa was rich in gold, precious metals, ivory, and other resources. b. The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara, which in Arabic simply means "The Desert." Around 750 AD, under the influence of Islamic peoples, northern and western Africans began to use the camel to transport goods across this forbidding terrain. c. Camels do several things exceptionally well: they can carry unbelievably heavy loads for impossibly long distances and they can keep their footing on sandy terrain. It was as if someone had invented sand ships and its effect on western African culture was just as profound as if they were sand ships. d. The most important developments occurred in the Sahel area just south of the Sahara; the Sahel provided southern terminal points for the goods being shipped across the Sahara. The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms. SLIDE: African Empire Chronology SLIDE: Key terms SLIDE: Map of Africa II. Sahelian kingdoms a. The largest African cities and kingdoms were located in the Sahel, a desert and savannah region south...
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...of the project. We are grateful for their constant support and help. ABSTRACT: This research is conducted just to explore that what are the issues and challenges as also what opportunities are there for the Islamic banks in Pakistan. As Pakistan is a Muslim country and the main population is of Muslims, there is a great importance of Islamic banking in this country and people are getting aware of this financial system. But the main challenge here that is faced by the Islamic banking is that Pakistan govt. is supporting conventional banking more. For this research interviews were taken from the employees and the customers of Islamic banks. These interviews are about the basics of the Islamic banking, about the awareness of Muslim society, the opportunities for the development and growth and the challenges that are faced by the Islamic banks in Pakistan. This research shows that as the Muslims in Pakistan want halal banking and are switching towards Islamic banks as they want to live their lives according to Islam, so there are opportunities for the Islamic financial system in Pakistan. In order to make this financial system successful the banking authorities should...
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...Land Records Paper.. 1. What is the date of death of Nusrat Bhuto-------- October 23, 2011 2. What is the date of death of Arfa Karim-----------14 January 2012 3. Which Pakistani woman won Oscar Award----------Sharmin Obaid Chenuy 4. On which date Abbotabad operation was carried out--------2may2011 5. How many number of balls in snooker game----------------22 6. Which is the world expensive city--------------Zurich 7. Where is the dum dum airport------------------calcuta 8. World Econimic forum kahan hua-----------Davos 9. Women protection bill of acid thrown on face passed on-----13.12.11 10. which country is largest producer of coffee ----------Brazil 11. G4 countries konsi hn-----------india, brazil, germany, japan 12. Pakistan cabinet recognize India as most favorite nation(MFN)-----11.1.12 13. How many deserts are in Punjab-------------2 14. Dr.Abdulsalam ko kab nobel prize mila------------1979 15. Nobe prize kon si country daita hae -------------Sweden 16. Neil amstrong ny kb moon pr step rkha -------------1969 17. When Pakistan joined UNO-----30sep1947 18. When IMF was established----1945 19. Who was the first captain of Pakistan Cricket team?----------Hafeez Kardar 20. Savak agency ks mulk ki hae ..--Iran 21. old athme kis country ka hae------Japan 22. punjab act kb khatam howa tha .... 23. fasal kharif ki insepection kb start karna chahey---March 24. fasal rabi ki insepction kb start karni chahey ----October ...
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...Beginning and Evolution of film industry in sub-continent Introduction:- Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema and the movies. Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. They comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown rapidly in succession, the illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Film-A true art-form:- Film is considered by many to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. The visual elements of cinema need no translation, giving the motion picture a universal power of communication. Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Films are also artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect...
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