...2 Materials BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Maximum Level: It indicates the maximum figure of inventory quantity held in stock at any time. 2. Minimum Level: It indicates the lowest figure of inventory balance, which must be maintained in hand at all times, so that there is no stoppage of production due to non-availability of inventory. 3. Re-order level: This level lies between minimum and the maximum levels in such a way that before the material ordered is received into the stores, there is sufficient quantity on hand to cover both normal and abnormal consumption situations. 4. Danger level: It is the level at which normal issues of the raw material inventory are stopped and emergency issues are only made. 5. ABC Analysis: It is a system of inventory control. It exercises discriminating control over different items of stores classified on the basis of the investment involved. Items are classified into the following categories: A Category: Quantity less than 10 % but value more than 70 % B Category; Quantity less than 20 % but value about 20 % C Category: Quantity about 70 % but value less than 10% 6. Two bin system: Under this system each bin is divided into two parts - one, smaller part, should stock the quantity equal to the minimum stock or even the re-ordering level, and the other to keep the remaining quantity. Issues are made out of the larger part; but as soon as it becomes necessary to use quantity out of the smaller part...
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...CHAPTER 7 THE COST OF PRODUCTION QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. A firm pays its accountant an annual retainer of $10,000. Is this an economic cost? Explicit costs are actual outlays. They include all costs that involve a monetary transaction. An implicit cost is an economic cost that does not necessarily involve a monetary transaction, but still involves the use of resources. When a firm pays an annual retainer of $10,000, there is a monetary transaction. The accountant trades his or her time in return for money. Therefore, an annual retainer is an explicit cost. 2. The owner of a small retail store does her own accounting work. How would you measure the opportunity cost of her work? Opportunity costs are measured by comparing the use of a resource with its alternative uses. The opportunity cost of doing accounting work is the time not spent in other ways, i.e., time such as running a small business or participating in leisure activity. The economic, or opportunity, cost of doing accounting work is measured by computing the monetary amount that the owner’s time would be worth in its next best use. 3. Please explain whether the following statements are true or false. a. If the owner of a business pays himself no salary, then the accounting cost is zero, but the economic cost is positive. True. Since there is no monetary transaction, there is no accounting, or explicit, cost. However, since the owner of the business could be employed...
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...Implicit Costs) Amos McCoy is currently raising corn on his 100-acre farm and earning an accounting profit of $100 per acre. However, if he raised soybeans, he could earn $200 per acre. Is he currently earning an economic profit? Why or why not? Amos McCoy is not currently making an economic profit, despite the fact that he is making an accounting profit. This is so, because the accounting profit calculation does not take into account an important implicit cost—the opportunity cost of not raising soybeans. Actually, McCoy is experiencing an economic loss. According to our theory, he should get out of the corn business and begin growing soybeans. This question highlights the important distinction between accounting profit and economic profit. 2. (Explicit and Implicit Costs) Determine whether each of the following is an explicit cost or an implicit cost: a) Payments for labor purchased in the labor market b) A firm’s use of a warehouse that it owns and could rent to another firm c) Rent paid for the use of a warehouse not owned by the firm d) The wages that owners could earn if they did not work for themselves a) explicit; b) implicit; c) explicit; d) implicit 3. (Alternative Measures of Profit) Calculate the accounting profit or loss as well as the economic profit or loss in each of the following situations: a. A firm with total revenues of $150 million, explicit cost of $90 million, and implicit costs of $40...
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...000 items a day. Each day he or she contributes eight hours to produce those items. If hired, elsewhere he or she could have earned $250 an hour. The item sells for $15 each. Production does not stop during weekends. If the explicit costs total $150,000 for 30 days. a. Calculate the firm’s accounting profit for the month; Revenue equals 1000 items per day * $15/item*30days = $450,000.Explicit costs are given as $150,000. Therefore, accounting profit = $450,000-$150,000 =$300,000 b. Explain the reason why it is greater than economic profit. A company's total earnings, calculated according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and includes the explicit costs of doing business, such as depreciation, interest and taxes. Accounting profits tend to be higher than economic profits as they omit certain implicit costs, such as opportunity costs. Economic profit = revenue - implicit (opportunity) and explicit (monetary) costs; Accounting profit = revenue - explicit costs. 2. Solve the problem Suppose that you estimated the following demand curve. Q = 90.5 − 3.36P + 0.002I Q Represents quantity demanded, P represents price and I represents average income. You know that the current market price is $20 and average income is $20,000 a) Calculate current demand. Q = 90.5 − 3.36( ) $20 + .002($20,000) = 63.3 b) Calculate the price elasticity of demand. E = 3.36*(20/63.3) = 1.06 c) Calculate the income elasticity of demand E = 0.002*(20...
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...CHAPTER 19 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE Brief Exercises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 A Problems 1A, 2A B Problems 1B, 2B Study Objectives 1. Describe the essential features of a cost-volume-profit income statement. Apply basic CVP concepts. Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 Do It! 1 Exercises 2. 2, 4, 5, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9, 10 11, 15 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 11, 12, 13 1A, 2A, 4A, 6A 4A 1B, 2B, 4B, 6B 4B 3. Explain the term sales mix and its effects on break-even sales. Determine sales mix when a company has limited resources. Understand how operating leverage affects profitability. Explain the difference between absorption costing and variable costing. Discuss net income effects under absorption costing versus variable costing. Discuss the merits of absorption versus variable costing for management decision making. 7, 8, 9 3 4. 10, 11 4 3A 3B 5. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 17 12, 13, 14 14, 15, 16 5A, 6A 5B, 6B *6. 16, 17, 18 17, 18, 19 7A, 8A 7B, 8B *7. 19, 20, 21, 22 19 18 7A, 8A 7B, 8B *8. 18 8A 8B Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kimmel, Accounting, 4/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 19-1 ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE Problem Number 1A 2A Description Compute break-even point under alternative courses of action. Compute break-even point and margin of safety ratio, and prepare a CVP...
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...Price - Variable Cost CM = $14 - $6 = $8.00 per unit. Total contribution margin = $8.00 x 30,000 units = $240,000 Napkins Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $7 - $4.50 = $2.50 per unit. Total contribution margin = $2.50 x 120,000 units = $300,000 Place Mats Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $12 - $3.60 = $8.40 per unit. Total contribution margin = $8.40 x 45,000 units = $378,000 Poster Board Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $8.50 - $2.50 = $6.00 per unit. Total contribution margin = $6.00 x 80,000 units = $480,000 Total contribution margin for Poster boards are higher for Mendel paper Company, which is reflected by the controlled variable costs and material costs, whereas, they also have a higher number of sales as well. Contribution Margin with revisions Computer Paper Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $14 - $9 = $5.00 per unit. Total contribution margin = $5.00 x 30,000 units = $150,000 Napkins Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $7 - $6.0 = $1.0 per unit. Total contribution margin = $1.0 x 120,000 units = $120,000 Place Mats Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $12 - $12 = $0 per unit. Total contribution margin = $0 x 45,000 units = $0 Poster Board Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost CM = $8.50 - $8.00 = $0.50 per unit. Total contribution margin = $0.50 x 80,000 units = $40,000 As...
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...Chapters 5 and 6 —Elasticity and Consumer Choice MULTIPLE CHOICE 202. A 15 percent increase in the price of beef reduces the quantity of beef consumed by 30 percent. Thus, the demand for beef is _______, and total consumer expenditure (or total firm revenue) will _______ as a result of the price increase. (Fill in the blanks.) a. elastic; increase * b. elastic; decrease c. inelastic; increase d. inelastic; decrease 203. Which of the following is true about marginal benefit? a. A consumer’s marginal benefit is equal to the height of her demand curve. b. Consumers will continue to purchase up until the point where marginal benefit equals price. c. Marginal benefit declines as consumption increases because of the law of diminishing marginal utility. * d. All of the above are true. 204. Jane received a 10 percent increase in her salary and purchased 20 percent more jewelry. For Jane, jewelry a. has an income elasticity of two. b. is a normal good. c. is a luxury good. * d. is all of the above. 205. An inferior good is distinguished by a a. negative price elasticity of demand. b. positive price elasticity of demand. c. positive income elasticity of demand. * d. negative income elasticity of demand. 206. If Joe’s income increased and as a result he purchased more wine and less fast food, * a. wine is a normal good and fast food an inferior good for...
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...Fi FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS (section 2) ch 19 -creditors and investors use financial statement analysis to predict expected return and assess risk (variability in the return) HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS: -the study of percentage changes in comparative statements -eg. identifying that sales increased by 20% since last year is more useful than knowing sales increased by $20,000 -can be used to calculate all figures (including COGS, expenses, etc) -don’t calculate a percentage change when the base amount is negative or zero -2 STEPS= 1. calculate the dollar change from base period to later period 2. calculate: DOLLAR CHANGE x 100 BASE PERIOD AMOUNT -EXAMPLE= Yr 3 Yr2 Yr1 Amount (Yr3) % Amount (Yr2) % Sales $120000 $100000 $80000 $20000 20% $20000 25% Net Profit $ 12000 $ 8000 $10000 $ 4000 50% ($2000) (20%) -TREND PERCENTAGES= a type of horizontal analysis -identifying trends in the changes of percentages over a representative period (eg, past 5-10 yrs) -STEPS= 1. oldest year measured acts as base year and is set as 100% 2. all years are divided by this same base year -EXAMPLE= 20X7 20X6 20X5 % (20X7) % (20X6) % (20X5) Net sales...
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...Principles of Managerial Accounting—Fall 2013 Competencies |Competency |Description | |1 |Know difference between managerial and financial accounting. | |(Ch. 1-2) |Managerial accounting – provision of accounting info for a company’s internal users. It is the firms internal | |Q 1-6 |accounting system and is designed to support information needs for managers. (provide planning, controlling, | | |and decision making info) Internal accounting | | |Financial accounting – producing info for external users, including investors, creditors, customers, suppliers,| | |government agencies, and labor unions. External accounting | | |Identify cost classifications—Direct Materials, Direct Labor, Manufacturing Overhead, Nonmanufacturing costs. | | |Direct materials – materials that are part of the final product and can be directly traced to the goods being | | |produced. (tires on cars, wood in dining room table, alcohol in cologne, denim in jeans) | | |Direct labor – labor that can be directly traced to the goods being produced...
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...in operating costs; both will be depreciated straight-line to a final value of zero over their useful lives; neither will have any salvage value at the end of its life. The firm’s tax rate is 40%, and the discount rate is 12%. a. Calculate the equivalent annual cost of each alternative: (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answers in millions rounded to 3 decimal places.) Equivalent Annual Cost Quick & Dirty $3.668 million Do-It-Right $3.553 million b. Which system should Blooper install? Do-It-Right Explanation: a. Find the equivalent annual cost of each alternative: Quick and Dirty Do-It-Right Operating costs $3 million $3 million Investment $16 million $18 million Project life 4 years 5 years Annual depreciation $4 million $3.6 million Depreciation tax shield $1.6 million $1.44 million PV(depreciation tax shield)* $4.86 million $5.191 million Net capital cost† $11.14 million $12.809 million EAC of net capital cost* $3.668 million $3.553 million *Annuity discounted at 12%; number of years = project life. †Investment − PV(depreciation tax shield). The present value of the depreciation tax shield for each alternative is computed as follows: PV= $1.600 MILLION {1/0.12 -1/0.12 (1.12)4 }= $4.860 MILLION PV= $1.440 MILLION {1/0.12 -1/0.12 (1.12)5}= $5.191 MILLION The equivalent annual cost (EAC) for each...
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...and the differences from Traditional Cost accounting will help the company be more accurate and efficient which will in turn make the company more viable in their current market. This section will review what activity-based costing is and the benefits which it can have for Competition Bikes. Activity-based costing is when manufacturing overhead costs are assigned to products in a more logical manner compared to more traditional costing methods. The process is broken down by assigning costs to activities which cause real overhead and then allocates the costs of said activities to those products which are demanding of those activities (Accounting Coach, 2015). The primary difference between activity-based costing and traditional cost accounting is that the former assigns specific activities based on need whereas the latter is simply calculating machine hours and can generate potential waste to the company. Activity-based costing is more effective to companies which experience excessive overhead or an abundance of remaining parts after assembly. As provided by Competition Bikes Inc. business reports, under traditional cost accounting, they spend $6,680 more on their Titanium units whereas they could save as much by utilizing activity-based costing. Analysis of the traditional cost accounting reveals that Competition Bikes Inc. is spending $713 per unit of the Titanium frames. Assigning specific activities during production reduces the cost of each frame by $57. Activity-based...
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...GLOSSARY OF FINANCIAL TERMS Absorption costing A costing approach in which all manufacturing costs are charged to the product. | Absorption-cost pricing An approach to pricing that defines the cost base as the manufacturing cost; it excludes both variable and fixed selling and administrative costs. | Accelerated-depreciation method Depreciation method that produces higher depreciation expense in the early years than in the later years. | | Account A record of increases and decreases in specific asset, liability, or stockholders' equity items. | Accounting The information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. | Accounts receivable turnover ratio A measure of the liquidity of accounts receivable; computed by dividing net credit sales by average net accounts receivable. | Accounts receivable turnover A measure of the liquidity of accounts receivable; computed by dividing net credit sales by average net accounts receivable. | Accounts receivable Amounts owed by customers on account. | Accrual-basis accounting Accounting basis in which companies record transactions that change a company's financial statements in the periods in which the events occur. | Accruals Adjusting entries for either accrued revenues or accrued expenses. | Accrued expenses Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded. | Accrued revenues Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded...
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...Managerial Accounting Exam 1 1. Managerial accounting places considerable weight on: A) generally accepted accounting principles. B) the financial history of the entity. C) ensuring that all transactions are properly recorded. D) detailed segment reports about departments, products, and customers. Answer: D AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Measurement LO: 1 Level: Easy 2. The plans of management are often expressed formally in: A) financial statements. B) performance reports. C) budgets. D) ledgers. Answer: C AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Resource Management AICPA FN: Measurement LO: 1 Level: Easy 3. The phase of accounting concerned with providing information to managers for use in planning and controlling operations and in decision making is called: A) throughput time. B) managerial accounting. C) financial accounting. D) controlling. Answer: B AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Resource Management AICPA FN: Measurement LO: 1 Level: Easy 4. The cost of the cushions that are used to manufacture sofas is best described as a: A) manufacturing overhead cost. B) period cost. C) variable cost. D) conversion cost. Ans: C ...
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...REWORKED UNITS, AND SCRAP TRUE/FALSE 1. Reducing defects helps to reduce costs, but does not make the business more competitive. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Reducing defects does make the business more competitive. 2. Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production usually not capable of being repaired or converted into a salable product. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production that can be repaired into a salable product. 3. The value of scrap material can have either a high or low sales value relative to the product with which it is associated. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Scrap material by definition has a low sales value. Objective: 1 4. Normal spoilage adds to the cost of the job to which it is attributed in a job order costing system. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2 5. When calculating normal spoilage rates, the base should be actual units started in production. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 The base should be good units started into production. Objective: 2 6. Abnormal spoilage is spoilage that should arise under efficient operating conditions. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: Abnormal spoilage should not arise under efficient operating conditions. 2 7. A company whose goal is zero defects would usually treat all spoilage as abnormal. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2 8. Counting spoiled units as part of output units in a process-costing system usually results in a higher cost per unit. Answer:...
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...MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Study Material Prepared By INSTITUTE OF COST AND WORKS ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA for Junior Accounts Officer(Civil) Examination Conducted By CONTROLLER GENERAL OF ACCOUNTS 1 BASICS OF COST ACCOUNTING 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 ♦ ♦ Evolution of Cost Accounting, Cost Concepts and Cost Classification Introduction Evolution of Cost Accounting Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting Management Accounting Financial, Cost and Management Accounting Cost Concept and Cost Object Cost Management Cost Classification Methods of Costing Techniques of Costing Specific Cost Systems Cost Department and its relationship with other Departments Installation of Costing System Specimen Questions with Answers Test Yourself Page . No 1 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 1.0 EVOLUTION OF COST ACCOUNTING, COST CONCEPTS AND COST CLASSIFICATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Traditionally, cost accounting is considered as the technique and process of ascertaining costs of a given thing. In sixties, the definition of cost accounting was modified as ‘the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods and techniques to the science, art and practice of cost control and ascertainment of profitability of goods, or services’. It includes the presentation of information derived therefrom for the purpose of managerial decision making. It clearly emphasises the importance of cost accountancy achieved during the period by using cost concepts in...
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