...Human Resource Accounting Human Resource Accounting Literatur Review To measure human value as a part of the goodwill, HRA was introduced in the accounting literature in the 1960s (Flamholtz, 1985). In 1968 Brummet, Flamholtz & Pyle used the term “human resource accounting” for the first time. In 1973 the American Accounting Association’s Committee on Human Resource Accounting defined HRA as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties. It provides information about human resource costs and values, serves to facilitate to decision making, and motivates decision makers to adopt a human resource perspective (Sackmann et al., 1989,). Research to examine the way in which human resource variables affect the efficiency of firms could be performed in a number of ways including analyzing the association between different aspects of human resources and firm performance (Bassi & McMurrer, 1998; Boudreau & Ramstad, 1997; Grojer, 1998). Looking at different proposals (Conner, 1991), the resource theory considers human resources in a more explicit way. This theory considers that the competitive position of a firm depends on its specific and not duplicated assets. The most specific (and not duplicated) asset that an enterprise has is its personnel. It takes advantage of their interdependent knowledge. That would explain why some firms are more productive than others. With the same technology, a solid human...
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...© 2000 American Accounting Association Accounting Horizons Vol. 14 No. 2 June 2000 pp. 235-250 Earnings Management: Reconciling the Views of Accounting Academics, Practitioners, and Regulators Patricia M. Dechow and Douglas J. Skinner Patricia M. Dechow is an Associate Professor and Douglas J. Skinner is a Professor, both at the University of Michigan. SYNOPSIS: We address the fact that accounting academics often have very different perceptions of earnings management than do practitioners and reguiators. Practitioners and reguiators often see earnings management as pervasive and probiematic—and in need of immediate remediai action. Academics are more sanguine, unwiiiing to beiieve that earnings management is activeiy practiced by most firms or that the earnings management that does exist should necessarily concern investors. We explore the reasons for these different perceptions, and argue that each of these groups may benefit from some rethinking of their views about earnings management. INTRODUCTION Despite significant attention on earnings management from regulators' and the financial press,^ academic research has shown limited evidence of earnings management. While practitioners and regulators seem to believe that earnings management is For example, SEC Chairman Levitt delivered a major speech on earnings management in the fall of 1998 in which he advocated a niunber of initiatives to improve the quahty of financial reporting (Levitt 1998). As part...
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...such that m(8) m(77') That is, the standards if and only if 77R77'. are used to single out a most preferred alternative. Using the standards, we are able to compare any two accounting alternatives and decide which of the two is superior or whether they are equally desirable. Presumably, the comparisons are also transitive. One way of describing such a choice process, which we adopt, is to view the standards as providing a hypothetical numerical ranking for each of the alternatives. Note, however, that the domain of this ranking function is limited to E itself, without any reference to the individual's preferences and beliefs. A fundamental question now arises: does any such function, m(.), exist? In selected settings the answer is, no doubt, affirmative. But, in general, the answer is negative. This is discussed below. THE IMPOSSIBILITY RESULT max A E(U I y, 7, ay*)D(y | X7EXc YEY (2) (2) Observe that this characterization of the choice, or specification, of an accounting alternative is but an expected utility variant of the situation initially discussed. We provide for comparison of any pair of alternatives; and our comparisons are transitive. We place these comparisons in an expected utility format simply because it is convenient. Reliance on standards to specify the most preferred accounting alternative follows a somewhat different tack. The purpose is to select the preferred alternative, but the method of analysis does not...
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...Chapter 1 1. What is the difference between Data and Information? a. Data: raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event that, in isolation, have little meaning b. Information: data organized in a meaningful way to be useful to the user 2. What makes Information useful? c. Data is often processed (aggregated, sorted, etc.) and then combined with the appropriate context d. Decision makers typically require useful information to make decisions e. Must be relevant and reliable 3. Define “Relevant” in the context of useful information. f. Predictive value (helps with forecasting the future). g. Feedback value (corrects or confirms what had been predicted in the past). h. Timeliness (available when needed or in time to have an impact on a decision). i. Information must be relevant to the decision maker j. Information is relevant only if it would affect a business decision k. Information is relevant when it helps users predict what will happen in the future (predictive value) or evaluate how past decisions actually worked out (feedback value). l. It is also relevant if the information is received in time to affect their decisions (timeliness). 4. Define “Reliable” in the context of useful information. m. Predictive value (helps with forecasting the future). n. Feedback value (corrects or confirms what had been predicted in the past). o. Timeliness (available...
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...Professional Knowledge and Abilities American Accounting Association Introduction The following will describe the American Accounting Association (AAA), the ability the organization can attribute to my professional career and knowledge, and how this knowledge can be an attribute to my career success. How it will also help me to develop strategies and skills that will in the long run allow me to be a great asset to any agency in which I choose to work for . Describe AAA The American Accounting Association promotes worldwide excellence in accounting education, research, and practice (AAA, 2010). The AAA, founded in 1916, was first known as the American Association of University Instructors in Accounting until 1936 when the association name was changed. The American Accounting Association is composed of voluntary persons and professionals that are interested or involved in accounting, accounting education, and research (AAA, 2010). American Accounting Association Mission The American Accounting Association mission is “to further the discipline and profession of accounting through education, research, and service” (AAA 2010). The Association acknowledges that its members share a number of common values, which include the importance of their personal integrity, their objectivity, sense of community, open communications, respect for each other, high ethical values and personal behaviors, and an obligation to serve important stakeholders, including the broader society...
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...ACCOUNTING 320B INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING II SYLLABUS - Fall 2014 Instructor: Dr. N.J. Kim, CPA Office: ST 612 Office Hours: TR 8:35 – 9:40 am & R 4:00 – 6:00 pm Phone: (323) 343-2840 Email: nkim2@calstatela.edu Instructional Web site: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/nkim2/ Connect URL: http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/class/sec-3 Textbook: Intermediate Accounting, 7th Edition, Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-9780078025327 (Hard copy, Volume II, or e-book with CONNECT available) Course Objectives and Description: Intermediate Accounting is designed to acquaint the student with current accounting theories and practices. In this second part of intermediate accounting, we will learn accounting for fixed assets, intangibles, long-term liabilities, investments, and stockholders’ equity. Statement of cash flows and accounting issues related with accounting changes and error correction are also covered in this class. Prerequisite: ACCT 320A or equivalent with a grade C or better Grading: Points are distributed as follows. Accounting majors must earn a grade of “C” or better in each accounting class taken to graduate. Midterms 100 250-300 A Final 130 210-249 B Participation & Attendance 10 180-209 C Comprehensive test 20 150-179 D Homework 40 Below 150 F Total 300 points A modified curve may be applied at the end of the quarter if necessary. Withdrawal...
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...personnel and acquisition and payment were developed to design test of controls, substantive tests of transactions and analytical procedures. Anderson, Olds, and Watershed, LLP will be designing test of controls, substantive tests of transactions and analytical procedures for Apollo. This will allow our firm to better understand the internal controls within their company along with making sure the company is in compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and generally accepted accounting principles. Sales & Collection cycle Sales and collections audits test financial information relating to the sales of goods and services to consumers and the payment collection for these sales. In Apollo shoes audit AOW will involve the decisions and processes necessary for the transfer of the ownership of goods and services to customers after they are made available for sale; it begins with a request by a customer and ends with the conversion of material on service into an account receivable and ultimately into cash. There are several functions include in this cycle such as processing customer orders, granting credit , shipping goods, billing customer , recording sales , processing cash receipts, sales return & allowances process, charging off uncollectible accounts receivable and provision for bad debts. Auditors will also compare the company's accounting manual to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to ensure that Apollo Shoes has no major...
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...procedures? Substantive procedures are tests to obtain audit evidence to detect material misstatements in the financial statements. Substantive procedures generally include analytical procedures and test of detail of transactions, account balances and disclosures. What are the assertions used by auditors? Hint: PROVE Presentation and disclosures (or Classification and understandability) Records completeness, accuracy, cut-off (correct accounting period) Obligation (or rights and obligation) Valuation and allocation Existence Audit Procedures What are some of the typical audit tests? Confirming compliance with law and accounting standards Reviewing notes for understandability Reviewing of post year-end items Cut-off testing Analytical review Confirmations Reconciliations to control accounts Recalculation of correct amounts Third party confirmation Reviewing invoices for proof that item belongs to the company Matching amounts to invoices Confirming accounting policy consistent and reasonable Reviewing post year-end payments and invoices Expert valuation Physical verification Inspection of supporting documentation Confirmation from directors that transactions relate to business Inspection of items purchased What model can be used for designing an audit plan? Agree opening balances with previous year’s working papers Review general ledger for unusual records ...
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...Auditing Review Sheet Period Test II Chapter 4. Audit Evidence and Audit Documentation. * Understand the types of management’s assertions (assertions about (1) account balances, (2) transactions, and (3) disclosures). Should be able to describe in own words, give own examples and relate to examples given in the exercises. * 1) Account Balances Existence – assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist. Rights and obligations – the entity holds or controls the rights to assets, and liabilities are the obligations of the entity Completeness – all assets, liabilities and equity interests that should have been recorded have been recorded. Valuation and allocation – assets, liabilities, and equity interests are included in the financial statements at appropriate amounts, and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are appropriately recorded. * 2) Transactions Occurrence – transactions and events that have been recorded have occurred and pertain to the entity (sometimes referred to as validity) Completeness – all transactions and events that should have been recorded have been recorded. Authorization – all transactions and events have been properly authorized. Accuracy – amounts and other data relating to recorded transactions and events have been recorded appropriately and properly accumulated from journals and ledgers. Cutoff – transactions and events have been recorded in the correct accounting period. Classification – transactions and events...
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...independent in the performance of attestation services. Critics of the accounting profession have expressed concern that pressure to maintain and develop business opportunities may erode an auditor’s objectivity and independence when making audit judgments. The profession contends that aspects of the auditing environment such as peer review, consultation review, and auditor professionalism serve to mitigate this risk. This study examines the impact of financial dependence, consultation review requirement, and moral development on a judgment based audit decision. Fifty-four experienced auditors were asked to assess the appropriateness of an audit client’s proposed change in accounting estimate for warranties. Two levels of financial dependence (Large client with potential for additional consulting revenues / Small client) and two levels of consultation review requirement (Required / Not required) were manipulated in the case materials. Moral development was measured using the Defining Issues Test (DIT) p-score. Results of the tests indicate that the presence of a consultation review requirement reduced the auditors’ assessments of the appropriateness of the accounting treatment; in addition, higher scores on the DIT were associated with lower assessments of the appropriateness of the accounting treatment. Financial dependence did not influence the assessment of the appropriateness of the accounting treatment. Implications for practice are discussed....
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...THE UNIFORM TEXAS CPA EXAMINATION: REQUIREMENTS AND PROCESS Prepared for Dr. Newman by Stefanie Chen October 19, 2015 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………..ii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………........1 REQUIREMENTS TO APPLY FOR AND SIT FOR THE TEXAS CPA EXAM…….............1 Moral character………………………………………………………………………….1 Degrees&150 hours…………………………………………………………………......2 Accounting, business, and ethics courses…………………………………………….....2 FOUR SECTIONS AND TEST STRUCTURES………………………………………….........5 Coverage and structure………………………………………………………………….5 THE RULES, TESTING WINDOWS, AND SITES……………………………………...........6 Rules…………………………………………………………………………………….6 Testing window………………………………………………………………………….6 Testing center……………………………………………………………………………6 PREPARE FOR AND TAKE THE UNIFORM CPA Exam…………………………………….7 Courses and options……………………………………………………………………...8 Taking the Uniform CPA Exam under rules…………………………………………….9 Receiving scores…………………………………………………………………………9 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT FOR TEXAS CPA…………………………………...........10 Submit a licensure application…………………………………………………………10 Ethics exam……………………………………………………………………………..10 Work experience in Texas……………………………………………………………...10 BENEFITS TO BECOME A TEXAS CPA…………………………………………………..11 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………………….11 WORKS CITED…………………………………………………………………………….....11 EXHIBITS AND NOTES……………………………………………………………………...12 APPENDIXES…………………………………………………………………………………17 Appendix 1-Application of Intent…………………………………………………...
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...Volume 3 Number 1 2004 Accounts Manipulation: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework by Hervé Stolowy, HEC School of Management (Groupe HEC), Department of Accounting and Management Control, 1, rue de la Libération, 78351 - Jouy en Josas Cedex, France and Gaétan Breton, Université du Québec à Montreal, Department of Accounting Sciences, P.O.B. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8 - Canada Abstract Accounts manipulation has been the subject of research, discussion and even controversy in several countries including the USA, Canada, the U.K., Australia, Finland and France. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and propose a conceptual framework for accounts manipulation. This framework is based on the possibility of wealth transfer between the different stakeholders, and in practice, the target of the manipulation appears generally to be the earnings per share and the debt/equity ratio. The paper also describes the different actors involved and their potential gains and losses. We review the literature on the various techniques of accounts manipulation: earnings management, income smoothing, big bath accounting, creative accounting, and window-dressing. The various definitions of all these, the main motivations behind their application and the research methodologies used are all examined. This study reveals that all the above techniques have common elements, but there are also important differences...
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...Creation Date: Revised by: Revision Date: Current Semester: Approved by: Business Graduate Studies Accounting for Managerial Decision Making ACCT 701 56 N/A N/A Yes Basil Chan, John Harris Summer 2013 Geoffrey Prince Summer 2014 Winter 2015 Chairperson/Dean Students are expected to review and understand all areas of the course outline. Retain this course outline for future transfer credit applications. A fee may be charged for additional copies. This course outline is available in alternative formats upon request. ACCT 701 CENTENNIAL COLLEGE Accounting for Managerial Decision Making Course Description This course will introduce the student to the principles of management accounting. Topics include costvolume-profit relationships, relevant costing, performance measurement, and the application of management accounting concepts and techniques to support business decision making. Program Outcomes Successful completion of this and other courses in the program culminates in the achievement of the Vocational Learning Outcomes (program outcomes) set by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities in the Program Standard. The VLOs express the learning a student must reliably demonstrate before graduation. To ensure a meaningful learning experience and to better understand how this course and program prepare graduates for success, students are encouraged to review the Program Standard by visiting http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/audiences/colleges/progstan/. For...
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...Curtin Business School School of Accounting Unit Outline 309875 Accounting Theory and Analysis 308 Semester 1, 2014 Unit study package number: Mode of study: Tuition pattern summary: 309875 Internal Lecture: 1 x 1.5 Hours Weekly Workshop: 1 x 1.5 Hours Weekly This unit does not have a fieldwork component. Credit Value: Pre-requisite units: Co-requisite units: Anti-requisite units: Result type: Approved incidental fees: Unit coordinator: 25.0 305229 (v.0) Advanced Financial Accounting 260 or any previous version Nil Nil Grade/Mark Information about approved incidental fees can be obtained from our website. Visit fees.curtin.edu.au/incidental_fees.cfm for details. Lisa Cullen Name: +618 9266 7567 Phone: Lisa.Cullen@curtin.edu.au Email: 407 Building: 406A - Level 4 Room: Consultation times: Tuesday 2-4pm and Thursday 12.30-2.30pm Name: Phone: Email: Building: Room: Name: Phone: Email: Building: Room: Name: Phone: Email: Building: Room: Administrative contact: Name: Phone: Email: Building: Room: Andrew Reynolds +61 8 9266 3602 A.Reynolds@curtin.edu.au 407 426 John Evans +618 9266 3156 John.Evans@curtin.edu.au 407 407 Clive Oliver +618 92667295 Clive.Oliver@curtin.edu.au 407 412 Lesley Hill +618 9266 7295 Lesley.Hill@cbs.curtin.edu.au 407 412 Teaching Staff: Learning Management System: Blackboard (lms.curtin.edu.au) 309875 Accounting Theory and Analysis 308 Bentley Campus 19 Feb 2014 School of Accounting, Curtin Business School Page: 1 of 9 CRICOS Provider...
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...The Relevance of the Value Relevance Literature For Financial Accounting Standard Setting: Another View Mary E. Barth Graduate School of Business Stanford University William H. Beaver Graduate School of Business Stanford University Wayne R. Landsman Kenan-Flagler Business School University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill January 2001 We thank Dan Collins, Brian Rountree, participants at the 2000 Journal of Accounting & Economics conference, and the editors, S. P. Kothari, Tom Lys, and Jerry Zimmerman, for helpful comments and suggestions. We appreciate funding from the Financial Research Initiative, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Center for Finance and Accounting Research at UNC-Chapel Hill, Stanford GSB Faculty Trust, and the Bank of America Research Fellowship. Corresponding author: William H. Beaver, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford, CA 94305-5015, (650) 723-4409, fbeaver@leland.stanford.edu The Relevance of the Value Relevance Literature For Financial Accounting Standard Setting: Another View Abstract This paper explains that value relevance research assesses how well accounting amounts reflect information used by equity investors, and provides insights into questions of interest to standard setters. A primary focus of financial statements is equity investment. Other uses of financial statement information, such as contracting, do not diminish the importance of value relevance research...
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