...homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo Research paper Nicotine control: E-cigarettes, smoking and addiction Kirsten Bell a,∗ , Helen Keane b a b Department of Anthropology, 6303 NW Marine Drive, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada School of Sociology, Building 22, Hayden Allen Building, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Background: Over the past year or so, electronic cigarettes, more commonly known as ‘e-cigarettes’, have achieved widespread visibility and growing popularity. These products, which deliver nicotine via an inhaled mist, have caused no small amount of controversy in public health circles, and their rise has been accompanied by energetic debate about their potential harms and benefits. Methods: Interspersed with an analysis of current media coverage on e-cigarettes and the response of mainstream tobacco control and public health to these devices, this article examines the emergence of nicotine as both as an ‘addiction’ and a treatment for addiction. Results: We argue that by delivering nicotine in way that resembles the visual spectacle and bodily pleasures of smoking, but without the harms of combustible tobacco, e-cigarettes highlight the complex status of nicotine as both a poison and remedy in contemporary public health and tobacco control. Conclusion: In consequence, e-cigarettes jeopardize the carefully drawn distinctions between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ forms...
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...John Renteria Mrs. Faulkner Communications Cluster 29 April 2014 The Smoking Gun The number of crusades against cigarette smoking has never been higher. Everywhere you look there are billboards, television ads, and magazine ads all preaching the dangers of smoking. Quitting is much harder than it sounds, there is a real physical addiction that must be overcome, not to mention the psychological aspects accompanied with the addiction. Nowadays, it is hard to be unaware of the health risks involved with smoking; however some of the other damaging factors smokers might not take into account for are the permeating smells and stains cigarette smoke produce and the financial burden of keeping up the addiction. The biggest and most well known effect of smoking is the health risks it poses. There is a huge amount of health problems directly associated with smoking: lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and pregnancy complications are just a few examples. Smoking also causes a person’s immune system to be weakened, leaving them susceptible to illness. The health risks are not exclusive to the tobacco user; families of the user have to deal with the psychological impact of caring for a person afflicted with one of these health conditions. Second hand smoke can affect people within the proximity of a smoker, and even cause some of the same health complications experienced by a smoker. The cost of hospitalization and increased health care premiums are also factors...
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...The Child Jesus Kidz Academy 20. Sto. Rosario St., Karuhatan Valenzuela City Effects Of Cigarette Addiction in The Selected Secondary Students of St.Therese of The Child Jesus Kidz Academy Researchers: Bacalangco, John Lorenz P. Dinampo, Ian Howell Steven S. Geronimo, Genesis D. Kistadio, Leigh Marrione P. Javate, Jonathan Clyde G. Madrid, Vincent Alaine A. Submitted to: Ms. Cidro,Josephen P. English Teacher 2015 Chapter I Introduction Acording to Robert West Health Behaviour Research CentreDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London that addiction involves powerful motivation to engage in an activity repeatedly to an extent that is harmful often accompanied by impaired capacity for self-control. To effectively combat addiction to cigarettes requires an understanding that there are several mechanisms underlying it. The Prime Theory of motivation aims to provide a model that can encapsulate these mechanisms. It recognises that evolution has led to multiple levels of motivation from basic impulses and inhibitions, through ‘motives’ (feelings of want and need), to ‘evaluations’ (beliefs about what is good or bad), and plans (intentions regarding future actions). Self-control involves self-consciously generating motives from evaluations or plans; it requires and depletes mental energy. Nicotine from cigarettes generates the motivation to smoke and undermines self-control by interacting with all of the level of motivation...
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...Just one More Puff Smoking has carried our soldiers through war, the working class through debt, and cancer patients through pain. Taking the edge off when things get rough has caused an increase in premature deaths around the world, both for smokers and non-smokers. Some may say that smoking bans are proof that the government is restricting our rights as free people, however supporting smoking bans that restrict smoking in public places serves a communal purpose for a longer, and more enjoyable life. At sixteen, the mind has developed enough to understand that some decisions lead to consequences, yet it still alludes in developing the ability to recognize addicting habits. At sixteen my Gramps started smoking, and for the rest of his life he laid helpless to his addiction until the day he died. “He was a chill guy, I just wish you could have met him,” my dad told me, “but only after he puffed a couple”....
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...Smoking cigarettes is more than just a physical addiction. Over time, your neural connections are rewired to expect nicotine. If you do not quit cold turkey, your mind goes through the withdrawal process because that chemical stimulant is not there. Beyond the chemical addiction, you also have to deal with breaking the habit and social aspects of smoking. On average, just 4 to 7 percent of people are able to quit smoking cold turkey. This is because nicotine addiction is more complex than just a bad habit. A Physical and Mental Addiction From the moment you take the first drag of a cigarette, nicotine floods your mind. It products endorphins in your mind like dopamine that give you pleasure and make you feel relaxed. At the same time, it also increases your blood...
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...pack a day. So if you share your cigarettes your burden is greatly increased. If you have car payment insurance, credit cards, and rent to pay, cigarette smoking contributes to the monthly burden substantially. 2. REASONS FOR STARTING THE HABIT IN THE FIRST PLACE .There are five developmental stages of smoking-first is the( preparatory stage) adolesents view smoking as having a useful propose; to appear mature, cope with stress, or fit in with a new peer group. (Tobacco advertising and adult or sibling role models who smoke may provide influence at this stage. Second stage- is termed the (trying stage) young teens experiment for the first time with cigarette smoking; usually smoking two to three times .psychosocial risks in this stage are peer reinforcement or encouragement to try smoking and the availability of cigarettes. Third stage- (experimental stage) is when adolescents engage in repeated but irregular smoking. risk factors-social situations such as parties where smoking is excepted and important peers such as best friend who encourages smoking , low efficacy or the inability to refuse offers. The fourth stage –termed (regular use) when adolescents smoke on a regular basis at least weekly and more frequently across a variety of situations. Psychosocial influences are socializing with peers that smoke and reinforce smoking, the perception that smoking reduces stress, or weight loss. The final stage is (nicotine dependency and addiction stage) this involves the physiological...
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...moking tobacco is both a physical addiction and a psychological habit. The nicotine from cigarettes provides a temporary, and addictive, high. Eliminating that regular fix of nicotine will cause your body to experience physical withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Because of nicotine’s “feel good” effect on the brain, you may also have become accustomed to smoking as a way of coping with stress, depression, anxiety, or even boredom. At the same time, the act of smoking is ingrained as a daily ritual. It may be an automatic response for you to smoke a cigarette with your morning coffee, while taking a break from work or school, or during your commute home at the end of a long day. Perhaps friends, family members, and colleagues smoke, and it has become part of the way you relate with them. To successfully quit smoking, you’ll need to address both the addiction and the habits and routines that go along with it. Your Personal Stop Smoking Plan While some smokers successfully quit by going cold turkey, most people do better with a plan to keep themselves on track. A good plan addresses both the short–term challenge of quitting smoking and the long–term challenge of preventing relapse. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. Questions to ask yourself Take the time to think of what kind of smoker you are, which moments of your life call for a cigarette, and why. This will help you to identify which tips, techniques or therapies may be most beneficial...
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...people start smoking when they are in their teens and are addicted by the time they reach adulthood. Some have tried to quit but have returned to cigarettes because smoking is such a strong addiction. It is a habit that is very difficult to break. There are many different reasons why people smoke. Three of the main reasons that young people smoke are to look mature, to be like their friends, and to experiment. Since teens see older people all around them smoking, especially their parents and relatives, they smoke to act older. If their friends or peers smoke, they may feel pressured into doing the same to be accepted. The last reason is the excitement of experimenting with something that is forbidden. As defined by The 1988 report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General “,”Nicotine addiction is the fundamental reason that individuals persist in using tobacco products, and this persistent tobacco use contributes to many diseases”. And according to the WHO (World Health Organization) official website, tobacco kills up to half of its users, it also kills nearly 6 million people each year. More than five million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600 000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke and nearly percent of the world's one billion tobacco users live in low- and middle-income countries. The National Institute on Drug Abuse’ research shows that nicotine addiction accounts...
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...THE PATH TO TOBACCO ADDICTION STARTS AT VERY YOUNG AGES Lifetime smoking and other tobacco use almost always begins by the time kids graduate from high school.1 Young kids’ naïve experimentation frequently develops into regular smoking, which typically turns into a strong addiction—well before the age of 18—that can overpower the most well-intentioned efforts to quit. Any efforts to decrease future tobacco use levels among high school students, college-aged youths or adults must include a focus on reducing experimentation and regular tobacco use among teenagers and pre-teens. How Early Do Kids Try Smoking? Every day more than 2,800 kids under 18 try smoking for the first time.2 Though very little data about smoking is regularly collected for kids under 12, the peak years for first trying to smoke appear to be in the sixth and seventh grades (or between the ages of 11 and 13), with a considerable number starting even earlier.3 In 2013, nearly five percent of eighth grade students reported having had their first cigarette by the end of fifth grade (ages 10 to 11), and 14.8 percent had tried smoking by the end of eighth grade. More than one-fourth (28.7%) of twelfth grade students reported having used cigarettes by the end of tenth grade.4 A 2013 nationwide survey found that nearly one in ten high school students (9.3%) had smoked at least one whole cigarette before the age of 13.5 The 2014 nationwide Monitoring the Future Study reports that more than one out of every three twelfth...
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...Discuss psychological explanations of two or more types of addiction. (9+16 marks) Addiction to smoking occurs when a smoker has developed an uncontrollable dependency on cigarettes so that they find it almost impossible to stop smoking. A gambling addiction is usually termed pathological gambling, which indicates a progressive addiction characterised by increasing preoccupation with gambling and a loss of control over their gambling behaviour. Experimenting with smoking usually occurs during adolescence and is governed by mainly psychological motives. In some groups, smoking is seen as a rite of passage into adulthood, and so in a smoker's peer group the message conveyed is that smoking appears to be an enjoyable activity that promotes popularity ( ( McAllister et al.). ( Jarvis states that children who favour this view of smoking often come from backgrounds that approve of smoking, or where smoking is common. Jarvis argues that this desired image is sufficient for the new smoker to tolerate the unpleasantness of the first few cigarettes, after which the physical effects of the nicotine take over. This claim that smoking is popular among adolescents is supported by ( Mayeaux et al's study. They found a positive predictive relationship between smoking and popularity two years later at the age of 18 (boys only). However, it is possible that increased awareness of health problems that are associated with smoking among slightly older children would make it seem less mature...
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...are shown in behavioral changes that are more apparent in teens than adults. Teens seem to be more abrasive when smoking or they feel like they are older and wiser when they smoke. Why do they smoke when we have seen billions of dollars spent on antismoking campaigns? The American Lung Association estimates that every minute four thousand eight hundred teens will take their first drag off a cigarette. Of those four thousand eight hundred, about two thousand will go on to be chain smokers. The fact that teen smoking rates are steadily increasing is disturbing. We are finding out that about 80% of adult smokers started smoking as teenagers. We now see a lot of smokers giving each other rewards in social aspects such as conversations, companionships, and other common social contacts. Research has proven the fact that nicotine has the ability to suppress feelings, suppress appetite for food, is used as stimulation after sex, and is a good way to relax from troubles and feelings of insecurities. People that smoke go to designated areas and congregate around the one that has the light, even when the weather is sub-zero. There they are huddled up against each other in an area, taking in the last drag before the break is over, or they find some kind of shelter to smoke their cigarettes. Teens like to act as if they are someone special or dangerous. By smoking they can act on those feelings. Because it is so forbidden it becomes more alluring to teens. The problem is that...
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...Executive Summary: This study examined the types of drugs students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet abuse. The participants were 10 university students drawn from different departments of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet for case study. Case study method with purposive sampling and qualitative approach has been used to conduct the study.The intent of this study was to investigate the reasons that influence to drug abuse among the university students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. The analyses yielded the following results: students in the university abuse drugs such as tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, syrup, slipping tablet, Yabba, heroin so on.Students use drugs mostly everyday most of the narcotics.Students use drugs to feel good, to keep awakeand to sleep. This study found that most of the addicted students do not suffer for taking drugs. Taking drugs do not bring negative impact on their study; students have no psychological or physiological illness becauseof drugs. Based on these findings, the study recommends police and customs control, family support, friends’ supports, prohibition of drug use, compulsory treatment of drug addicts as primary solution to reduce the rate of drug addiction.The study also recommends among others the need to organize awareness programmes in our campus to educate students that drugs can alter brain circuitry, which will affect their learning; and the university authorities...
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...Effects of Smoking Cigarettes An estimated 42.1 million people in the United States of America smoke cigarettes. Before people decide to smoke they should think about the consequences that smoking cigarettes have. Addiction, health problems, and pregnancy risk are a few of the many effects of smoking. Addiction is the most common effect in smokers. Cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive substance found naturally in tobacco. Nicotine travels quickly to the brain when it is inhaled and can cause a feeling of temporary relaxation and/or stress relief. This temporary feeling is what smokers enjoy. Nicotine has a calming effect on smokers who are anxious or worried. The nicotine addiction can also affect smokers’ moods. If smokers do not replenish this need for nicotine, they may experience irritability, anxiety, restlessness, and increased appetite. Cigarettes contain over 7,000 toxic substances, which can lead many health problems. Over 440,000 people are diagnosed with some type of disease or disorder every year. Breathing problems are the first problems to appear in smokers. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a breathing disease that is very common in smokers. COPD is the number one risk factor for developing lung cancer. COPD causes wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Smoking cigarettes can give smokers heart problems such as cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and many other heart issues. Smoking cigarettes shortens...
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...The Economics of Addiction 2 The Economics of Addiction Individuals are increasingly becoming more intellectual and more advanced to the many forwarding changes in society, yet humans are still subject to make immature decisions. Immature in the sense they lack cognitive moral development, the stages of maturity in terms of making ethical decisions, and this lets their flexible minds be influenced and persuaded negatively. Drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using drugs are a large part of these negativities. However, these individuals do not lack rational thought. One can be persuaded out of addiction and also one can be persuaded into addiction. Therefore, individuals can rationally choose to become addicted, and according to the increase in addiction rates over the last 50 years, they have. The reasons however, are different depending on the age group. The age groups that will be focused on are baby busters and echo boomers. Each of this age groups have progressed to certain stages in life where rational thought has been renovated. Therefore the idea of addiction can seem to be an appropriate compromise to an individual. Baby busters and echo boomers are often the generations that are associated with abusing alcohol, cigarette, and drug usage. These are generations that include pre- and early post-adulthood which have shown to be experimental with the many dangerous risks in life. The reasoning behind their rational thinking has been studied by many scientists...
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...Yay or Nay: The United States Should Ban Tobacco Products. While The U.S. is a country that allows people the freedom to make their own choices, tobacco products should be banned in the U.S. because it litters our nation, it is extremely addictive, and it is extremely unhealthy. With its popularity, it is important to be knowledgeable about the product and what it can do. People, all too often, ignore warnings that are even printed on the packages tobacco is packed in. It is possible it would not be a bad idea to get the product away from everyone altogether. Tobacco products are extremely unhealthy and are known to cause various health complications. Smoking cigarettes are responsible for 480,000 American deaths every year including the...
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