...1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah Di era globalisasi sekarang ini, sudah terjadi transformasi dalam lingkungan bisnis yang menuntut perusahaan untuk berkompetisi secara kompetitif untuk menjadi yang terbaik dalam lingkungan bisnis tersebut. Dalam hal ini tentu saja organisasi membutuhkan tingkat kinerja yang tinggi dan konsisten dari masing-masing karyawan dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan dan bertahan dalam lingkungan persaingan pasar yang tinggi (Newstrom and Davis, 2002). Berbagai strategi harus dilakukan oleh perusahaan untuk memberikan kinerja lebih baik daripada pesaing agar bertahan dalam dalam lingkungan bisnis. Di Indonesia sendiri, persaingan bisnis semakin ketat dan kompetitif khususnya di sector retail. Dimana menurut Asosiasi Perusahaan Ritel Indonesia (Aprindo) dalam lima tahun terakhir dari tahun 2012 peningkatan omset ritel modern cukup pesat, hal ini juga didukung oleh pertumbuhan jumlah ritel yang pesat yaitu sebesar 7.787 retail selama 5 tahun terakhir ini, pertumbuhan bisnis ritel di Indonesia antara 10-15% per tahun. Penjualan ritel pada 2006 masih sebesar Rp 49 triliun, namun melesat hingga mencapai Rp 110 triliun pada 2012 meningkat sebesar 10%- 15%, menyusul kondisi perekonomian dan daya beli masyarakat yang relatif bagus. Bisnis ritel di tahun 2013 masih mencatat tren yang positif, namun masih kurang maksimal jika dibandingkan dengan tahun 2012 (Liputan6.com). Dari data tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa persaingan bisnis terus...
Words: 17786 - Pages: 72
...The eassy will aims to discuss and explore synthetic modecules and their impact on technology and our daily life. The essay will explain the definantion of the Synthetic molecules and describe the issues it can solve. It will also, explain how different bonding types are applied. The essay will also discuss and analyze one of the synthetic molecules. I chose to discuss the Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and its applications to solve a specific problem, looking into advantage and dis-advantage and how the science can address the disadvantage of it. I used examples for better clarification for the reader and added conculsion to the essay. Synthetic organic chemicals are man-made created through industrial synthesis. Substances that contain carbon atoms. This definition relies heavily on the element carbon. Synthetic molecules have different types Nylon, Polyvinyl Chloride, Low-Density Polyethylene, high-density Polypropylene (HDPE). LDPE is a flexible material used in applications like shopping bags has high ductility but low tensile strength. HDPE is a strong plastic, normally used in plastic cartons for milk or garbage bins. I will choose Low-Density Polyethylene to talk about. The LDPE has a high degree of short and long...
Words: 743 - Pages: 3
...will inspire others. Legitimate authority is based on formal, system of rules. In the 1930s, Weber introduced that the bureaucratic form as being the ideal way of organizing government agencies. This soon became popular in both the private and public sectors. Weber believes that the development of rational forms to be the most important characteristics in the development of Western society and capitalism. He considered the traditional and charismatic forms as irrational. Rationality is based on reasoning, calculation and logic. One of the many types of rationality includes the formal rationality. The notion of formal rationality is important to the emergence of industrial capitalism as capitalism values reason, calculation and precision, science and logic. Formal rationality is a form of rationality that characterizes bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucracy refers to the execution of tasks that are governed by official administrative and formal rules of an organization. Weber’s bureaucratic management theory focuses on dividing organizations into hierarchies with authorities and control. The ideal type is extreme, empirically based and yardstick for comparison. Weber has 6 major principles for his ideal type of management style. Firstly, the organization has a formal hierarchical structure, which refers to the...
Words: 1708 - Pages: 7
...Journal of Management & Marketing Research, 2013). Adjustments to how business is conducted are largely contributed to how much and how the internet is utilized in the workplace. With the internet becoming more commonplace in the workforce it has brought about several advantages, disadvantages, and policy measurements. The advantages are documented and clear to how the internet adds to the memory capabilities, communication, and size and speed of the workplace. Internet helps commercial activities move more effectively. Information becomes more accessible for the decision making process and produces results in a timelier manner using virtual networks, databases, and web pages. Emphasized is the flexibility and convenience of wider coverage using internet. Advances contributed to the internet are communications capabilities such as email, file sharing, creating websites, and e-commerce (Obiri-Yeboah, Owusu-Ansah, & Odei-Lartey, 2013). Emails, Video Conferences, and Chat rooms let a large number of personnel receive the same data in different locations and have a recorded stream of communication, increasing memory capabilities through added storage space, traceability, and logs. Next dis-advantages are not as clearly noted but can be quite drastic when it comes to the social interaction, dependency, and personnel issues that may arise. Integration of technological advances makes face to face interaction less necessary, as larger portions of information are conveyed to...
Words: 765 - Pages: 4
...Looking Beyond The Boundaries – A strategy to gain competitive advantage for the Coles Group of Australia By Aruna Kulatunga MGG9352 Management Processes and Systems. Semester 1, 2007 Looking Beyond The Boundaries – A strategy to gain competitive advantage for Coles Group Executive Summary The Coles Group of Australia has allowed its competitive advantage to slip away to rival Woolworth by failing to differentiate its core strategies and by failing to articulate well the strategies that could have been differentiated. In a bid to gain competitive advantage, this report suggests that the Coles Group should look beyond the company boundaries, extending its value chain to suppliers, partners and customers in a seamless manner, employ process like Total Quality Management and Business Process Reengineering in extending the value chain, bedded in a well structured change management programme and look towards globalisation and franchising along with such counter-intuitive, yet innovative, location strategies such as competitive clustering and saturation marketing to regain its competitive advantage. Page 2 23/10/07 Looking Beyond The Boundaries – A strategy to gain competitive advantage for Coles Group Introduction Strategy gurus Porter (1998, p. 2), Mintzberg (1994), Hamel (1998), Hamel and Prahalad, (1994) Champy and Nohria (1996) and Hammer (quoted in Champy and Nohria, (1996)) agree in principle that in order to meet business needs, specific actions need to be...
Words: 4601 - Pages: 19
...INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL O UC O O C INFORMATION LECTURE 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the key differences between economics, accounting and finance Understand why financial information is important List the main users of accounting information and understand their information needs Distinguish between management accounting and financial accounting List the main types of business ownership and outline their characteristics Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each type of business ownership p 2 Panagiotis Dontis Charitos WBS, 2013-14 IN TODAY’S LECTURE... Topics Differences between economics, accounting and finance Importance of financial information Users of accounting information and their information needs Differences between management accounting and financial accounting i Main types of business ownership Characteristics Advantages vs. disadvantages 3 Panagiotis Dontis Charitos WBS, 2013-14 ECONOMICS - FINANCE – ACCOUNTING Economics is a social science Study the production, consumption and distribution of services or goods Explain how economies work and how do different economies interact Finance is a subset/tool of economics that studies the financial markets Personal finance, corporate finance, state finance Accounting is an essential part of finance and economics Precise recording, reporting and assessment of financial deals and transactions of a business Preparation of statements or declarations concerning assets, liabilities...
Words: 979 - Pages: 4
...defined? What are some dis/advantages with each of the definitions? • What is religious literacy (and what are its different forms – pp.14-19)? Why is religious literacy significant (chs. 1-2)? • What does Prothero mean by religious illiteracy? How does this manifest itself (give examples – either from the text or from the lecture notes)? • What does Prothero identify as reasons behind the current religious illiteracy? • What does Prothero offer as a solution for the religious illiteracy problem? How practical is his solution? (ch.5) • Concepts: creationism (pp.213-4). Popper, Lakatos, Hansson (lecture for 9/13) • What is the demarcation problem? • How does Popper answer the demarcation question? What does he mean by falsifiability? What problems are there with his answer? • How does Lakatos answer the demarcation question? What problems are there with his answer? What are the elements of a research programme? Why is this term significant for Lakatos? What is the difference between a progressive and a degenerating research programme? Give examples of each. • What is Hansson proposed answer to the demarcation problem? How is it different from Popper’s and Lakatos’ proposals? Carrier (lectures for 9/13, 9/20) • How does Carrier define scientific literacy? How does this differ from the definition given by Hazen & Trefil (p.xii-xiii). • What are some of the characteristics of science (e.g., objectivity/universality...
Words: 587 - Pages: 3
...Fitting Virtual Lights For Non-Di use Walkthroughs Bruce Walter Gn Alppay u Eric Lafortune Sebastian Fernandez Donald P. Greenberg Cornell Program of Computer Graphics Abstract This paper describes a technique for using a simple shading method, such as the Phong lighting model, to approximate the appearance calculated by a more accurate method. The results are then suitable for rapid display using existing graphics hardware and portable via standard graphics API's. Interactive walkthroughs of view-independent nondi use global illumination solutions are explored as the motivating application. CR Categories: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism|Shading Keywords: interactive walkthroughs, non-di use appearance, global illumination, Phong shading View−independent Non−diffuse Global Illumination Solution Each Object is Fitted with Virtual Lights that Reproduce its Appearance Results Suitable for Rapid Display using Current Graphics Systems Figure 1: Approximation process. directionally dependent lighting e ects, such as glossy highlights, means that important perceptual cues are missing. The continuing popularity of the Phong [10] lighting model1 is a testament to the importance of including such highlights. Most current graphics API's include a Phongstyle lighting model for fast shading. These lighting models are much too simplistic to accurately compute global illumination, but we can still make use of them. Instead of viewing Phong...
Words: 3404 - Pages: 14
...reach your customers will have the biggest impact on sales and that is the ultimate form of success, SALES. Brick and Mortar When starting a business the first step is to decide your approach to having a store front or a virtual store. Opening up a physical location where customers can come in and purchase the product or service being offered. Depending on the type of business or the product or service you are selling, by having a physical address there are a lot of advantages (Mullins, 2010). One of those advantages is that you can build a personal relationship with the repeat customers, and form a lasting trust worthy authority on the product or service you are attempting to sell. Despite the vastness of the World Wide Web and the perpetuation of inertia, people still like to window shop before they buy. Having certain products on display gives the customer the ability to touch and examine the product and this assists the customer to commit to the purchase (Mullins, 2010) In addition to these advantages, the occasional sale from Walk-ins is actually higher than one would think. On the internet the equivalent to a walk in is a person who uses the search bar or a search engine like Stumble upon and then the customer literally stumbles upon your website via a third party site. The drawback of the brick...
Words: 1130 - Pages: 5
...company in its industry. IBM’s research was totally internal and the path to market for the output of its research had to be entirely within the firm. Research and Development were separated, so to encourage the researchers to pursue their own intellectual agenda. This lead to many scientific discoveries, including five Nobel Prizes and six National Medals of Science. Moreover, IBM first manufactured “core memories”(a first form of electronic memory) and revolutionized the computer market with its “System 360”. This new class of computers soon became the dominant design, and IBM realized an extensive vertical integration. IBM offered customers a complete solution for their needs and it had extremely high switching costs, as typical of Closed Innovation. From 1980 to 1992 As computer sciences became more diffused, knowledge became more accessible as well. In the ‘80s IBM still had a huge market advantage on its competitors. Nevertheless, it couldn’t protect its intellectual monopoly anymore. In fact, start-up companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation invented minicomputers, freeing academic computer science and engineering departments from...
Words: 3486 - Pages: 14
...ICT usage in tourism ICT usage in tourism – overview and case studies Tourism stakeholders and interfaces Tourism suppliers and eTourism Intermediaries and eTourism Destination organisations and eTourism Tourism management and eTourism 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Trends and future applications Social Media & Web 2.0 Website optimisation Interoperability and semantic web Software agents Recommender systems Dynamic packaging Mobile services & ambient intelligence Online auctions in tourism 2 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 3 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 4 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT Introduction - ICT ICT - Information and Communication Technologies Umbrella term for technological developments for the Production, analysis, storage, search, distribution and use of information ICT includes a combination of hardware software telecommunications netware groupware humanware ICT enables effective data processing & communication for organisational benefit opportunities & challenges for suppliers in all industries Provide enormous capabilities for consumers 5 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT Introduction...
Words: 2278 - Pages: 10
...Tournaments and Piece Rates Revisited: A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Premium Incentives Werner Guth Rene Levnsky Kerstin Pully Ori Weiselz June 22, 2010 Abstract Tournaments represent an increasingly important component of organizational compensation systems. While prior research focused on xed-prize tournaments, i.e., on tournaments where the prize or prize sum to be awarded is set in advance, we introduce a new type of tournament into the literature: premium incentives. While premium incentives, just like xed-prize tournaments, are based on relative performance, the prize to be awarded is not set in advance but is a function of the rm's success: the prize is high if the rm is successful and low if it is not successful. Relying on a simple model of cost minimization, we are able to show that premium incentives outperform xed-prize tournaments as well as piece rates. Our theoretical result is qualitatively con rmed by a controlled laboratory experiment and has important practical implications for the design of organizational incentive systems. JEL Classi cation: C72, C91, J33 Keywords: Tournaments, Incentives, Economic experiments Max Planck Institute for Economics, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. yEberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Nauklerstrasse 47, 72074 Tubingen, Germany. zThe Hebrew University, Center for the Study of Rationality, Giv'at Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel...
Words: 5213 - Pages: 21
...In my opinion, this is a good choice of method. I am not really a science student. Therefore, making a conclusion based on calculation of points will be understood easily because of the large number of the participants. Easy definition about the classification system in insomnia disorder also make me figure out the meaning without additional research. For instance, there is no need to explain what EMA is, since the meaning is exactly what is written. Furthermore, I think questionnaire is the perfect method for personal and sensitive questions. Most people will feel uncomfortable if they are asked for sensitive question directly. For me, I may change my true answer because I don’t want to be judged by the questioner later. Because of the fact that this experiment needs a personal question like mood, depression, health, stress, and other components of poor quality of life, using questionnaire clearly has advantage for this...
Words: 580 - Pages: 3
...------------------------------------------------- Università Carlo Cattaneo-Liuc ------------------------------------------------- Scuola di Economica e Management Corso di Laurea in Global Markets ReLATORE/TUTOR: Rodolfo helg Paper di Laurea di : Luca Cantadori Matricola: 14771 Paper di Laurea di : Luca Cantadori Matricola: 14771 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT:Focus on International Trade i. Economic growth and the environment ii. Environmental Kuznets curve: a. Kuznets Curve:Income inequality and growth b. Income inequality , growth and the environment iii. Population growth: how increasing population could affect the environment iv. Economic impacts of environmental policies: c. Economic growth: investment and innovation d. Effect on competitiveness v. International Trade and the environment vi. Effects of Trade on the environment vii. Trade due to differences in Environmental Policies: e. Pollution Haven case viii. Trade not due to differences in Environmental policies: f. Comparative advantage and environment: how factor endowments can influence environment ix. Conclusion x. References xi. Abstract i.Economic growth and the environment In the first half of the twentieth...
Words: 6832 - Pages: 28
...international borders, firms of the 21st century have workforces that are distributed broadly across countries that include people from varied cultures, speaking numerous languages and educated in different systems (Rosenzweig 1998). Consequently, organisations are becoming increasingly diverse places to work, reflecting the changing demographic of society. Diversity is no longer a phenomenon; diversity management is now a mainstream field of scholarly research, with the number of publications of diversity-related issues doubling every five years (Bell and Kravitz 2008; Rivera 2012). There is consistent evidence amongst contemporary research positing several mechanisms by which diversity can improve individual, group and organisational functioning (Di Tomaso et al. 2007; Hartenian and Gudmundson 2000; Richard 2000; Seigyoung and Menguc 2005). The focus then turns on organisations to develop a framework that leverages the diverse viewpoints and experiences of its employees in ways that increase company effectiveness. 2.2. Minorities have made great advancements with respect to their positions in managerial and professional roles over the last five decades. However, a compelling body of empirical research still shows racial and gender disparities within employing organisations (Tomaskovic-Devey and Stainback 2007), signaling that within the...
Words: 3894 - Pages: 16
