...Human Development; Child Psychology Lisa Martin Liberty University Human Development; Child Psychology Child Psychology is concerned with the mentality and actions of children from a very tender age and through their youth as they prepare for adulthood. According to Cherry in her article, this covers mind development that is reflected in physical reactions either socially or emotionally. Initially, children were perceived as mere representatives of adults but at a smaller scale both in term of age and reasoning capacity. This theory perceives them as being sample representative of adults which means they may contain all or smaller traits in characteristics or in terms of behavior. I beg to differ because physical brain structure is totally different from psychology which involves reaction of the brain based on how it is programmed to react to a varied number of stimuli. According to Jean Piaget, children do act differently from adults and Albert Einstein concurred with the simplicity of the statement. Child psychology is universally agreed to be complex by experts and psychologies and yet they also differ in a wide variety of approaches they use to study the phenomenon. Development of the child is normally perceived from the internal aspects like genes and hereditary personality and analysts alongside other interested parties should consider external aspects such as social, cultural and socioeconomic contexts (Cherry). Social context refers to...
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...of Business Administration, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Diversity Inclusiveness a b s t r a c t A great deal of research has focused on workforce diversity. Despite an increasing number of studies, few consistent conclusions have yet to be reached about the antecedents and outcomes of diversity. Likewise, research on different dimensions of diversity (e.g., age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, and culture) has mostly evolved independently. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine each of these dimensions of diversity to describe common themes across dimensions and to develop an integrative model of diversity. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. While the term “workforce diversity” is commonly used in scholarly articles as well as in the popular press, the focus and scope of the research is both varied and broad. Until recently, most studies have focused on a single dimension of diversity (e.g., age, sex, race) in a domestic, typically U.S. context. In a world of globalization populated by boundaryless and virtual organizations, it is time to revisit the old theories of diversity and to create a new set of paradigms. Therefore, in this article we examine multiple dimensions of diversity to assess the current status of the...
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...Social orientation is the recognition of human psychology and behavior. The emphasis on human thought, emotion, and behavior was to represent the thought, emotion, and behavior of members of a social group. Thomas Hobbes declared that the social groups are nothing more than a collection of individuals and that of social thought, emotion, and behavior, governed by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Greenwood, 2009). Cognitive psychology represents the distinction amongst the human mind and a computer that suggest that humans have the ability to process information from around the world just as computer. Cognitive psychology is not old but the newest part of psychology where the information we receive through our senses is then administered through the brain. Cognitive psychologists try to develop explanations of cognitive development, memory, attention, artificial intelligence, perception, and social cognition. The laboratory methods used to determine the outcome of a controlled circumstance are memory test and research studies. During the early 21st century, it appears that experimental psychology is healthy and growing; likewise the crisis in theories and progress is of discern. At this time there is not a crisis in psychology, nevertheless psychology can be described as an interregnum period, with much activity and no major leading directions or theoretical commitments (Mandler, 2011). The first crisis shown in psychology was seen in 1899. There was an argument of...
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...QUESTION 1 (B) - Students who go to class half an hour later than the prescribed start time for eight classes in a semester lost every desirable privileges (breaks during class, no football games, graduation dinner etc.). After the rule was implemented, there seemed to be a marked improvement in student attendance in class. How does operant conditioning explain the students’ behavior? Introduction Operant conditioning was thoroughly studied by Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B.F. Skinner), which he confirmed that someone learning ability is displayed by his or her behavior. When a factor in the person’s environment changes the consequences that they endure from their learning, can cause a positive or a negative impact on their behavior, which he categorize as reinforcers or punishments. Therefore, Operant Conditioning is a tool that can influence a person’s increasing or decrease his or her behavior by the consequences of their behavior. Operant conditioning will be illustrated by the behavior of the students when removing negative reinforcement or punishment or adding positive reinforcement or punishment (Robins et al, 2013). In this paragraph, the student’s behavior will be explained using Negative Reinforcement with the illustration of their behavior being increased frequently, towards the termination of the unfavorable consequence, which is, not having the privileges. From the question, the students attended to class early, which is their behavior, in order to avoid...
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...GROUP PERFORMANCE TO THE AGE OF MEMBERS IN HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS ROSS A. WEBBER University of Pennsylvania Comparison of individual and group problem solving has a long history. From early works (24, 29) to later reviews (4, 20), group performance is seen to possess certain advantages over individual performance. Many researchers have explored the conditions (1, 7), tasks (5, 6), and group composition (11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23, 26) affecting these advantages. Others have pointed out the disadvantages and dangers (2, 9, 10, 20, 25, 27). Focus of This Research This project was designed to examine an unexplored aspect of group performance: the effect of the age of members of homogeneous groups. Origins of this study lie in two popular observations on current young people: First, they are less competitive and more cooperative than earlier generations ( 3 ) ; second, business students particularly are group oriented— perhaps too much so to suit some employers (14). Several studies and reports (8, 15) suggest that cooperative behavior in groups is associated with more effective performance. Homogeneous groups composed of persons of different ages, however, may exhibit different performance. Four hundred individuals and 80 five-person groups completed two 25item vocabulary synonym exercises. The individuals were drawn frofn management development programs and university classes and were balanced as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 100 undergraduate business students: mean age 20.2 years 100 graduate...
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...Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 1 Psychology of Aging Mildred T. Murphy PSY 317: Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly Professor Rhonda Travland Ashford University August 26, 2013 Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 2 Abstract Aging in the United States raises challenges in terms of belonging, especially for older people. The interrelationship between aging and a sense of belonging is complicated because the aging process itself is influenced by many factors, including biological, sociological, psychological, economical, and attitudinal factors. Each of these factors has a unique impact on aging. Exacerbating these factors are society’s negative stereotypes and myths, discrimination, biases, prejudices, and negative attitudes toward the older people, which are cumulatively identified as ageism for the purposes of this paper. Thinking about the dimensions of aging for older people gives rise to a number of questions. For example, what are our cultural attitudes and traditions towards aging? How do these attitudes and traditions inform our private thoughts and public policies towards aging? This paper will focus on the mysteries that control human lifespan which are yet to be unraveled. Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 3 Part I-Intro to the Psychology of Aging Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, and is unique...
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...DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CRITICALLY LOOK AT DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES? . The term development is very broad and multi-dimensional that it is a topic dealt with in almost every discipline. Psychology is also a multi-dimensional discipline, and when encompassing development it constructs a field of study known as developmental psychology. The main focus of this area is on human growth throughout the lifespan. Originally, developmental psychology was concerned with infants and children, but the field has since expanded to include adolescence, adult development and aging. This is due to the fact that although childhood is obviously a time of tremendous change, people also continue to grow and develop during the early adult, middle age, and senior years. Inclusive in this field are related topics such as child development, intellectual development, cognitive development, and the aging process. In simpler terms then, developmental psychology is defined as the scientific study of age-related changes that occur in human beings cross different domains over the course of life. The direct focus of developmental psychology on human growth involves thorough observation and examination in order to be able to categorise and label a being. This marking of belonging to a certain group is another transformation underwent...
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...Forthcoming in: Ursula M. Staudinger and Ulman Lindenberger (eds.), Understanding Human Development: Lifespan Psychology in Exchange with Other Disciplines. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1 Karl Ulrich Mayer, 2002 The sociology of the life course and life span psychology - diverging or converging pathways? 1. Introduction In the last twenty to thirty years both life span psychology and the sociology of the life course have experienced a great and long take off with regard to theory building and conceptualization, methodological advances and empirical studies. Within sociology, but also partly in demography, economics and social policy studies, a cohort and life course perspective, event history analysis and microanalytic longitudinal data have become almost predominant (Mayer 1990, 2000; Riley et al. 1994). Baltes et al. (1999: 473) note, for instance, that life span psychology became more prominent due to, among other reasons, “... a concern with life span development in neighboring social science disciplines, especially sociology. Life course sociology took hold as a powerful intellectual force.” At the beginning of this development there were great expectations that the disciplines involved in this “life course turn” - especially life course sociology and life span psychology - would not only grow together in a parallel trajectory, but that there would be co-evolution in the direction of a truly interdisciplinary or even transdisciplinary paradigm...
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...when studying sociology and psychology. My work experience at a children’s charity the Children’s Adventure Farm Trust was extremely rewarding and my enthusiasm provided not only myself with confidence but also provided the children for whom I was caring for with confidence. I worked with children of a variety of ages across a broad range of learning and behavioural needs. A lot of the children I worked with had autism, which I had studied in psychology and found it to be really fascinating. Working with these disadvantaged children was certainly rewarding. The skills I gained from my work experience will be extremely beneficial in my future career. I was enlighten by the experience I gained from working at the children’s charity and believe it to be a main influence in what I hope to study at university. My skills are best shown when working alongside and supporting others but I can also work independently very effectively. Enthusiasm and commitment, which are my strengths, can be applicable for any occupation especially when working with vulnerable people. The most important attribute when working with underprivileged children is to be caring; caring for people is a trait I find easy to excel in. I am currently studying sociology, psychology, and dance. I also studied performance studies at AS. Studying the education system in sociology was particularly inspiring for my career choice. Child development and learning techniques in psychology have also contributed to my decision...
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...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
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...| The effect of sleep on the psychology and development of children and adolescents. | | | nj26 | | Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Why Is Sleep Relevant to Psychology? 4 What Is Sleep and Why Is It Important 4 Sleep Regulation 4 The Impact of Sleep on Daytime Functioning 5 Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs academic success and neurobehavioral functioning. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs emotional regulation. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs health. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs adolescents’ driving ability. 6 Sleep Behaviour Across Development 6 New-borns and Infants (0 to 12 months) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 Early Childhood (12 Months to 6 Years of Age) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 School-Age Years 8 Developmental changes in sleep. 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 8 Adolescence 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 9 Further studies regarding the effect of sleep on the development and psychology of children and adolescents. 9 Sleep and the Body Mass Index and Overweight Status of Children and Adolescents 9 Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years 10 Sleep, Learning, and the Developing Brain: Early-to-Bed as a Healthy and...
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...No Title of report1 Circulation List 2 Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents3 Terms of Reference4 Method of Procedure4 Findings5 Conclusion Recommendations Appendix Bibliography 1. Terms of Reference “The purpose of this report is to investigate and compile a profile of the vocational area of Childcare under the following headings: Education and training Career opportunities and progression and employment opportunities Challenges Legislation And, choosing one particular career option, to make recommendations on the steps necessary to achieve employment in that chosen career.” 2. Method of Procedure 2.1Research was conducted on the internet 2.2 Prospectuses from third level colleges in Ireland and England were reviewed 2.3 Information seminars organised at the college were attended 2.4 2.5 3. Findings 3.1 Education and Training 3.1.1 Early Childhood Care & Education, Cork College of Commerce. Course Content Child Development 6N1942 Childhood Social Legal & Health Studies 6N1945 Early Childhood Curriculum 6N1944 Equality and Diversity in Childcare 6N1974 PERSONAL & Professional Development 6N1949 Special Needs Assisting 6N1957 Supervision in Early Childhood Care 6N1973 Work Experience 6N1946 Type of Certification: FETAC...
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...and Anthony (citation). Barbara Kane’s research supports Maria Nagy and Anthony’s developmental model, however Kane’s research disputes Nagy’s suggestion that children tend to personify death (citation). Finally, the research of Gerald P. Koocher is compared and contrasted to Nagy and Anthony’s article. Koocher’s research links Piaget’s developmental model to the development of the children's conceptualizations of death. Koocher’s article also suggests that culture is an important factor that influences the conceptualization of death (citation). My particular field of study is clinical health psychology with a specialty of working with terminally ill children. In conducting my research, it was difficult to choose articles that discussed how children perceive death. All articles in this literature review are peer reviewed and were published in psychology journals. Many of the articles are based on adult bereavement studies and associated therapies. One...
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...Introduction to Industrial Organizational Psychology (IOP) Individuals, Organizations, and the Social Context of Work Analyze the Case Study in Work Motivation and Attitude Defining Work Motivation Fundamental to the study of Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology is the understanding of what motivates employees within an organization. According to Nevid (2013), motivation is defined as factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior. Motives are the "whys" of behavior - the needs or wants that drive behavior and explain what we do. We don't actually observe a motive; rather, we infer that one exists based on the behavior we observe (Nevid, 2013).” Theories of work motivation explain why people work hard (Spector, 2012). On the other hand, organizations concerned with employee retention strive to promote and provide an environment that actually influences positive work behavior and performance. Additionally, the organization would ensure that their employees are compensated to ensure repeatability of positive performance. According to Spector (2012), “Work motivation theories are most typically concerned with the reasons, other than ability, that some people perform their jobs better than others” (p. 194). In other words, such theories are mainly concerned with types of incentives that drive people to attain a need fulfillment. The Maslow hierarchy theory, Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory and Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth...
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...Journal of Managerial Psychology 11,6 50 Self performance appraisal vs direct-manager appraisal: A case of congruence Yehuda Baruch University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK and Visiting Research Fellow at the London Business School, London, UK The process of performance appraisal (PA) is of most importance in human resource management (HRM). In a broad sense, PA systems are used for two main purposes: as a source for information for management; and as a feedback instrument for individuals employed by the organization. In the first case, the applications of the use of PA serve a variety of management functions. These could be decision-making about promotions, training needs, salaries, etc. Payrelated PA is a growing facility in many organizations where it provides information which can help in making relevant decisions[1,2]. However, PA can be used for enhancing developmental processes of employees or as an evaluation instrument per se[3,4]. In the second case, where feedback is the main goal, the fundamental purpose is to provide the employee with information that will improve personal performance and effectiveness. Recently the second approach has gained more attention. Providing the employee with feedback is widely recognized as a crucial activity. Such feedback may encourage and enable self-development, and thus will be instrumental for the organization as a whole. Organizational effectiveness is enhanced through improvement in all the constituencies...
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