... meaning the signs and symptoms become worse over time. Although Parkinson's may eventually be disabling, the disease often progresses gradually, and most people have many years of productive living after a diagnosis. We will be going through the organ system Parkinson’s affects as well as the signs, symptoms, and treatements. Organ System Affected With Parkinson’s The major organ system affected by Parkinson’s is the nervous system. The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. These, in turn, consist of various tissues, including nerve, blood, and connective tissue. Together these carry out the complex activities of the nervous system. The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions, sensory, integrative, and motor. Functions of the Nervous System Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and outside the body. They monitor such things as temperature, light, and sound from the external environment. Inside the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations in pressure, pH, carbon dioxide concentration...
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...a specific illness. Nursing care of an older adult requires a through assessment of acute, chronic or complex illnesses. Illness in older adults is complicated by numerous medical problems and the physical changes of aging. Identification of an illness can be overlooked simply because symptoms might be reported vaguely. Multiple overlapping factors such as environmental, sociologic, physiologic and psychologic aspects need to be considered in the nursing assessment. It’s essential that nurses recognize atypical presentations of illness in older adults early to help improve patient care. Early detection can reduce the risk of missed diagnoses, death and/or prolonged hospitalization, and reduce rates of co-morbidity from treatable geriatric syndromes (GrayMiceli, 2007). Aging causes physiologic changes to the body. These normal age related changes could be similar to changes seen in the presence of pathological conditions. This causes a problem when normal changes mask early signs of an acute illness. Changes to the musculoskeletal system can affect a patient’s ability to function. Reduced bone mineral density leads to osteoporosis and an increased risk for fall-related fractures (Ebersole, Hess, Touhy, & Jett 2012, p. 48-49). Age related changes to the cardiovascular system are myocardial and blood vessel stiffening, decreased beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness, impaired autonomic reflex control of the heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis (Ebersole et al., 2012...
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...affect you? MENOPAUSE The menopause, sometimes known as “the change of life”, is where a woman’s ovaries stop producing an egg every 4 weeks, meaning she no longer has periods and is unlikely to get pregnant. Monthly periods can sometimes stop suddenly when you reach the menopause; however it is more likely that your periods will become less frequent, with longer intervals between each one, before they stop altogether. In the UK, 51 is the average age for a woman to reach the menopause, although some women experience the menopause in their 30’s or 40’s. Symptoms The menopause can cause a wide range of physical and mental symptoms. The first symptom is usually a change in the pattern of your monthly periods. This is called the premenopausal stage, during this time you may have light or heavy periods (menorrhagia). Other symptoms can include: * Hot flushes and night sweats * Loss of libido (sex drive) * Headaches * Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or tiredness * Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s) * Noticeable heartbeat * Vaginal discomfort, pain, itching and dryness The severity of symptoms and the overall duration of the menopause will vary depending on a number of factors including genetics, lifestyle, diet, stress, and overall health. Although if you experience the menopause suddenly, rather than gradually, your symptoms may be worse. The menopause is caused by a change in the balance of the body’s sex hormones. Oestrogen levels decrease...
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...have passed the stage of 50’s can still have issues caused by the changes, which they still need to get used to because there’s no way it will change. Physical changes- while a person is aging their bodies go through many changes; these will be their skin, joint and the bones. The side effects of aging will usually be more off a wrinkled skin and also a thinner skin. People with older ages are more likely to be sensitive, their bones are more likely to break their skin is more likely to get damaged. Due to their old age they are likely to have pains within their joints. During this physical change their joins tend to become looser. They will lose weight which is caused by their cartilage become apart, also their posture starts changing they may not be able to keep a straight back due to their spine becoming round and also another change will be that their muscles will start to lose power and they will become weak. By time individuals can also experience having problems with their eye sight this could be them going through a struggle while reading or writing, some people also tend to lose their sense off smelling and tasting things. Caused from old age individuals can also have problems with their hearing. Organs: Old aged people tend to have problems within their digestive systems and have problems such as constipation these are all caused by the muscles which weaken within the digestive. Caused by the aging the person individual’s hearts do no longer pump as much as it used...
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...The central nervous system can be compared to the air traffic control tower of a large international airport. Just as this main tower directs and controls all incoming and outgoing flights. The central nervous system is the control center of our body, it sends information out and interprets things our body senses. Regulating, controlling and coordinating incoming and outgoing impulses, thoughts, and feelings via nerves. Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (controls in-bound and out-bound neural impulses), and peripheral nervous system (connects the CNS with the peripheral parts of the body). The PNS can be divided into subdivisions of the somatic nervous system (deals with the parts of the body we move voluntarily) and autonomic nervous system (works with the involuntary parts of the body). The CNS receives sensory input from the peripheral nervous system and produces motor responses via nerves. A nerve is a fiber composed of nerve cells and neurons. Most nerves of the peripheral nervous system contain both sensory neurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons in the peripheral nerve carry sensory impulses to the CNS. The CNS processes this information and sends the appropriate motor signals back to the nerves via the motor neurons. (Terfera, D. & Jegtvig, S., 2015). The brain and spinal cord is what makes up the central nervous system. The brain being the command center controlling the body functions of sending and receiving...
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...Social Care PHYSIOLOGY Introduction This assignment will investigate the human body organ system and how they work together . Appropriate or case study provided in this assignment will be used in order to investigate the functionality of body system. Main anatomic feature of the human body will be outline, how body system interact to ensure the body functions and grows will be discussed. The part two of the assignment will look at how the body responds to physical activity and it will also identify how the body coordinated internal activities. This assignment will also look at other human body conditions such as obesity, diabetes and discus as to deal with such conditions in order to ensure the wellbeing of individuals with such conditions. THE human body is composed of ten different systems which are made of organs working in coordination with one another. These organs have to work together as they need each another to fulfil its functions. Human organs support each other’s in order to perform their function. Below is brief descriptions and functions of human body system: 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): CNS is composed of brain, nerves, nerve endings, and spinal cord. It role is to control and coordinate the body functions (coordination of nervous). Will be responsible for sensory input, integration of data and motor output. 2. Cardio vascular system (CVS): is composed of heart, blood, and blood vessels wish includes arteries, veins and capillaries....
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...mechanism in the regulation of blood pressure is the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal gland. Baroreceptors, are found in certain places in the walls of the heart where they are able to sense any change in blood pressure. After the baroreceptor sence a change the sensory nerves are activated and send a message to the medulla oblongata, which is located in the brain. Depending on the signal received the medulla oblongata then decides whether to increase or decrease blood pressure. The motor nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are activated to carry out the adjustments needed to maintain blood pressure. Sympathetic nervous system kicks in if the blood pressure is low and needs to increase. The nerves in the sympathetic nervous system supply an electrical system to the heart, and will increase the heart rate to contract more forcefully. The sympathetic nervous system also causes some blood vessels to constrict, which increases the resistance of the vessels. Together, these responses increase the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute, which increases the blood pressure. If blood pressure is too high and a decrease in blood pressure is needed, the parasympathetic nervous system...
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...will study the basics of cells, tissues and some organs as integumentary system, skeletal system, muscle system and Nervous system. It is indispensable and Mandatory for the class to have Course Compass My Lab/Mastering as a tool provided with your book package at Miami Dade College Bookstore. Use the following course ID: cendon57714 Please make sure that you read everything in this handout because this is our contract and agreement with the rules of this class The above course links to the following Learning Outcomes: * Communicate effectively using listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. * Solve problems using critical thinking and scientific reasoning. * Use computers and emerging technologies effectively. * Describe how natural systems function and recognize the impact of humans on the environment. | This course does not have pre-requisites, but it is very important to have background in Chemistry and Biology. | | Corequisite(s) BSC 2085 lab | Course Competencies: Competency 1: The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to understand the meaning of these two terms by: 1.1 Defining anatomy and physiology, and explaining how they are related. 1.2 Defining homeostasis and its mechanisms, and explaining its importance to survival. 1.3 Describing a feedback system and differentiating between positive and negative feedback. Competency...
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...Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 1.|Which of the following tissues is always avascular?| A)|connective tissue| B)|muscle tissue| C)|skeletal tissue| D)|epithelial tissue| E)|nervous tissue| Ans:|D| |Link to: Introduction| 2.|A scientist who examines tissue changes that might indicate disease is called a| A)|histologist.| B)|radiologist.| C)|pathologist.| D)|epidemologist| E)|endocrinologist.| Ans:|C| |Link to: Types of Tissue| 3.|The tissue lining body cavities is| A)|epithelial tissue.| B)|connective tissue.| C)|skeletal tissue.| D)|muscle tissue.| E)|nervous tissue.| Ans:|A| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 4.|A type of epithelial tissue containing cells that can change shapes as the tissue stretches is called| A)|simple columnar epithelium.| B)|pseudostratified epithelium.| C)|transitional epithelium.| D)|stratified cuboidal epithelium.| E)|squamous epithelium.| Ans:|C| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 5.|Goblet cells are found in which of the following tissues?| A)|nervous tissue| B)|columnar epithelium| C)|cuboidal epithelium| D)|connective tissue| E)|none of the above| Ans:|B| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 6.|A type of epithelium consisting of a single layer of flat cells which allow diffusion to occur is| A)|pseudostratified epithelium.| B)|stratified squamous epithelium.| C)|simple columnar epithelium.| D)|simple squamous epithelium.| E)|transitional tissue...
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...Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Natasha Veruchi PSYCH 640 3/30/14 Professor Weisz Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development As the society moves more towards the technological age, there also are advancements in medical technology that can prolong one’s life and solve medical issues that may be threatening one’s life. In the following paragraphs, there will be an evaluation of the effects of aging on cognitive development. These effects consist of physical decline as well as decline of one’s ability to obtain knowledge through their senses. There will also be examples provided to support the points as they are stated. Working with the older population one comes to realize that the majority of the older population will develop some form of dementia or Alzheimer’s. Cognitive frailty is emerging as the highest of health issue for the older population. As Bishop, Lue,and Yanker discusses as the life expectancy increases so does the onset of dementia and Alzheimer’s (2010). Aging effects several changes in the brain, as we grow older, the part of the brain that is responsible for cognitive functions show less coordination. As one ages, parts of the brain become inactive and others are affected by age even when they are free of disease (Bishop, Lue, and Yanker, 2010). There are certain cognitive processes that are relevant to one learning new information and trying to remember the information learned. A general downward spiral of overt attention capacity...
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...(September 17, 2015) What does physiology mean? * Normal function of a living thing, human cell, tissue, organ , system What is Pathophysiology? * Abnormal function caused by an adverse event/stimulus * The event can be mechanical/chemical/radiation/etc. * It has a negative impact on function How relevant is A&P to Patho? * Pretty relevant * You know when something is wrong with the human body if you know how it functions when its healthy * You need to know what’s normal to appreciate what’s different Cell and tissue biology * If you can understand what is happening in a cell, you can see what is happening in a tissue, (tissue is group of cells performing a similar function) * Injuries can be caused by chemical, intentional or unintentional, etc. Sub-lethal (reversible), or lethal (irreversible) * Cellular aging is a normal part of cell life Structural and functional changes leading to cell death or decreased capacity to heal * Different cells age at different rates * Skin cells get replaced every day, red blood cells get replaced every 4 months * There are 5 million blood cells travelling in the human body at a time Adaptation: how a cell responds to stimulus (ex. Pregnancy), to escape and protect themselves from injury Normal cells meet injury it could do one of two things * It could say, I’m going to change myself so I can stay healthy adaptation * If the adaptation doesn’t work or unsuccessful, then the cell becomes...
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...Life Extension Foundation All aging humans will develop some degree of decline in cognitive capacity as time progresses. Data indicates that deterioration of the biological framework that underlies the ability to think and reason begins as early as the mid twenties and includes a drop in regional brain volume, loss of myelin integrity, cortical thinning, impaired serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine receptor binding and signaling, accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles, and altered concentrations of various brain metabolites. Cumulatively, these changes give rise to a variety of symptoms associated with aging, such as forgetfulness, decreased ability to maintain focus, and decreased problem solving capability. If left unchecked, symptoms oftentimes progress into more serious conditions, such as dementia and depression, or even Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive decline does not affect all individuals equally; clear associations exist between the rate and severity of cognitive decline and a variety of factors, including oxidative stress and free radical damage, chronic low-level inflammation, declining hormone levels, endothelial dysfunction, excess body weight, suboptimal nutrition, lifestyle, social network, other medical conditions, and various biomarkers. Fortunately, many of these factors are modifiable to a significant extent, and proactive lifestyle changes, cognitive training, and nutritional interventions have been shown to decrease the rate of intellectual decay and...
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...girls two years faster than boys. Sexual organs testes in male and ovaries in female are developed by the pituitary gland. Strength and muscle tone develops in teens and twenties yet may begin to decline in the thirties. In the forties and fifties muscle tone and elasticity steadily decrease leading to wrinkles and sagging skin. In later adult hood the body begins to deteriorate with markedly decreases in the cardiovascular system, lung elasticity, and circulatory system eventually leading to disease and death. The brain has two hemispheres; the forebrain and the outer layer the cerebral cortex. Important developments in the brain in the first two years are myelination and laterization. Myelination is the development of a thin sheath of fat cells called myelin that aid in faster information processing and neuron connections. Laterization is localization of a specific function of one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. For example, the development of speech and grammar (left hemisphere) over humor and wit (right hemisphere). The greatest changes in growth of the brain occur from childhood to early teens. In adolescence the corpus callosum (fibers that connect left and right brain) thicken and...
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...Middle adulthood occurs between the ages of mid 30's and 60's. During this time period there are many changes that happen to the body and the environment around them. Males and females accept aging differently, which is mainly due to society's viewpoints. People often tend to notice the physical appearance changes, but often overlook the internal and environmental aspect of aging. There are several things to educate yourself on to help maintain a positive attitude about aging as well as a healthy lifestyle. Those things include vision, hearing, reproductive, intelligence, and physical appearance changes. When going through the aging process knowing key signs to look for and learning what is best for your health can help prevent any major illness...
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...Let’s follow the path of a delicious ham and cheese sandwich with lettuce and pickles as it is eaten and digested! Start at the beginning and discuss the anatomical parts as well as the biochemical roles that contribute to this sandwich being turned into chemical energy. Be sure to include mechanical and chemical mechanisms, along with how they are metabolized in the body! Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing is to grant the food more exposure to enzymes, therefore allowing chemical digestion to occur faster. The presence of the food in the mouth stimulates exocrine glands. This causes the mouth to secrete digestive enzymes, namely salivary amylase. These secreted enzymes aid in the breakdown of foods, officially starting the digestion process. Carbohydrates in particular are mostly broken down by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase breaks starch, a popular carb, down to maltose. This means that the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich will notably be chemically altered at this point. It is because of this that bread begins to taste somewhat sweet if it is held in the mouth for some time. Muncins, or mucous, found within saliva help hold the food...
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