...DEFINE INFLATION. EXPLAIN VARIOUS CAUSES FOR INFLATION IN PAKISTAN (a) DEMAND SIDE (b) SUPPLY SIDE INTODUCTION: Moderate inflation is associated with economic growth, while high inflation can signal an overheated economy. As an economy grows, business and consumers spend more money on goods and services. In the growth stage of an economic cycle, demand typically outstrips the supply of goods, and producers can raise their prices. As a result, the rate of inflation increases. If economic growth accelerates very rapidly, demand grows even faster and producers raise prices continually. An upward price spiral, sometimes called “runway inflation” or “hyperinflation”, can result. The inflation syndrome is sometimes described as “too many dollars chasing too few goods:” in other words, as spending outpaces the production of goods and services, the supply of dollars in an economy exceeds the amount needed for financial transactions. The result is that the purchasing power of a dollar declines. In general, when economic growth begins to slow, demand eases and the supply of goods relative to demand. At this point, the rate of inflation usually drops. Such a period of falling is known as disinflation. DEFINITION: True inflation begins when the elasticity of supply of output in response to increase in money supply has fallen to zero or when output is unresponsive to changes in money supply. When there exists a state of full unemployment, the conditions will be clearly inflationary...
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...GROUP- I SERVICES SYLLABUS GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (SCREENING TEST – OBJECTIVE TYPE) 1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. 2. Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural development – Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences. 7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Source : CBSE Publications) 1. Concepts in disaster management and vulnerability profile of India / State of A.P. 2. Earth quakes / Cyclones / Tsunami / Floods / Drought – causes and effects. 3. Man made disasters - Prevention strategies. 4. Mitigation strategies / Mitigation measures MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) 1. Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases ...
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...HYGEIA INTERNATIONAL Expansion in Nigeria is the issue. Henry Livingstone, vice president of the Africa/Middle East Region of Hygeia International, has just received a proposal from his Nigerian managing director for a major move into poultry production. This would extend hygeia’s profitable agricultural activities even more in that West African country. CORPORATE BASE HYGEIA International is pseudonym for one of the 10 leading pharmaceutical companies of the world. Based in the United States, hygeia also has laboratories and plants in many countries. Over a third of its net income is earned outside the U.S., and because of growing federal regulation, Hygeia looks abroad for a rising percentage of its future income. Like other large pharmaceutical films, Hygeia has converted drugs designed for humans to use in farm animals. This opens up a large market with relatively low R & D expense. In addition to veterinary products for the control and treatment of disease, hygeia produces a variety of feed supplements. Currently, about 15 percent of Hygeia’s total sales of over a billion dollars come from agricultural activities! Hygeia’s agricultural business includes active participation in mass production of poultry. Today, frying chickens are raised in 100,000-chick batches. Thanks to genetic selection. Scientific feeding, and a strictly controlled environment, fries can be ready for market in 10 weeks. Egg production is similarly engineered. Significantly, these mass...
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...financing Chapter 1: Background of the Study 1.1 Introduction The international trade activities are grown day by day. This trend is attributable to the increased globalization of the world economies and the availability of trade payment and finance from the international banking community. Although banks also finance domestic trade, their role in financing international trade and payment system is more critical due to the additional complications involved. First, the exporter might question the importer’s ability to make payment. Second, even if the importer is creditworthy, the government might impose exchange controls that prevent payment to the exporter. Third, the importer might not trust the exporter to ship the goods ordered. Fourth, even if the exporter does ship the goods, trade barriers or time lags in international transportation might delay arrival time. Financial managers must recognize methods that they can use to make payment and finance international trade so that they can conduct exporting or importing in a manner that maximizes the value of a business. In any international trade transaction, credit is provided by the exporter, the importer, one or more financing institutions, or any combination of these. The supplier may have sufficient cash flow to finance the entire trade cycle, beginning with the production of the product until payment is eventually made by the buyer. In some cases, the exporter may require bank financing to augment its cash flow...
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...ELECTRICITY DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT (DSM) IN INDIA – A STRATEGIC AND POLICY PERSPECTIVE S. PADMANABAN & ASHOK SARKAR Office of Environment, Energy and Enterprise US Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India. Overview The Indian power sector has more than tripled its installed capacity, from 30,000 MW in 1981 to over 100,000 MW in 2001. Despite this growth in supply, its power systems are struggling to overcome chronic power shortages and poor power quality. With demand exceeding supply, severe peak (around 18%) and energy (around 10%) shortages continue to plague the sector. Shortages are exacerbated by inefficiencies in power generation, distribution and end-use systems. The inefficiencies in the end-use systems is due to irrational tariffs, technological obsolescence of industrial processes and equipment, lack of awareness, nascent energy services (ESCO) industry, and inadequate policy drivers (such as energy efficiency standards and labeling system, financial incentives) in India. The elementary problem being faced by the power sector is the poor financial conditions of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) or successor entities in most states. Over the years, the SEBs have been causing an increasingly larger drain on the State Government budgets, contributing to 10-15% of the state fiscal deficits adversely impacting much needed investments in the social sectors of health and education. The power sector is operating with very low or no returns...
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...MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES THROUGH THE CREATION OF A SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT (SMED) COUNCIL, AND THE RATIONALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS AND AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOPMEN Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:: CHAPTER I Section 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the "Magna Carta for Small Enterprises." Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. — recognizing that small and medium scale enterprises have the potential for more employment generation and economic growth and therefore can help provide a self-sufficient industrial foundation for the country, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote, support, strengthen and encourage the growth and development of small and medium enterprises in all productive sectors of the economy particularly rural/agri-based enterprises. To this end, the Senate shall undertake the spur the growth and development of small and medium enterprises throughout the country and thereby attain countryside industrialization: (a) by assuring, through the establishment of adequate support structure, and the creation and promotion of an environment conducive to the viability of these enterprises, establishment of mechanisms, the access and transfer of appropriate technology needed by small and medium enterprises; (b) by intensifying and expanding programs for training in entrepreneurship and for skills, development for labor; (c)...
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...(including Cairo, Giza, Helwan, Qalyubia and 6th of October. Since the first establishment in the region, Al- Fustat in 641 AD, Cairo was in continuous growth. The numerous and different reigns over Egypt since the establishment of Cairo, different Islamic periods, Ottoman, French, English until the revolution in 1952, have led to the inconsistency in development and urban planning which gave rise to cumulative problems. During the course of the last fifty years, the population of Cairo has increased dramatically as a result of high birth rates and large rural-urban migration from other parts of the country (Yousry and Aboul Atta). Currently Cairo is considered one of the biggest cities in the world with a population averaging at 14-15 million (Sims, 2003). The fast and continued increase in the population has been a major urban challenge that the city encountered. Today, the urban landscape of the Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is somewhat unclear: main built up, dense areas are surrounded by a number of satellite settlements at the periphery, but most importantly occupied by infinite unplanned and random constructions in the core and surroundings of the city. Informal settlements, that are named after their informal legal condition, gradually, but rapidly, took over a large area of Cairo’s landscape and crawled over agricultural and deserted land. Informal growth started in Cairo as early as in the 1960s as a response to the increasing unsatisfied demand on housing and the increasing...
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...by nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country is one of the G-20 major economies and a member of BRICS. On a per capita income basis, India ranked 140th by nominal GDP and129th by GDP (PPP) in 2011, according to the IMF. After the independence-era Indian economy (before and a little after 1947) was inspired by the Soviet model of economic development, with a large public sector, high import duties combined with interventionist policies, leading to massive inefficiencies and widespread corruption. However, later on India adopted free market principles and liberalized its economy to international trade under the guidance of Manmohan Singh, who then was the Finance Minister of India under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao the then Prime Minister who eliminated License Raj a pre- and post-British Era mechanism of strict government control on setting up new industry. Following these strong economic reforms, and a strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the Golden Quadrilateral project by Atal Bihari Vajpayee the then Prime Minister the country's economic growth progressed at a rapid pace with very...
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...for the growth path of the economy. Global as well as the domestic investors would also be looking for signals. The attempt of the government to push for higher growth without sound economic fundamentals has further resulted in higher inflation, increased current account deficit, tighter inter-bank liquidity, and sub-optimal utilization of the tax payers’ money. The major expectations that surround the budget can be summarized as below: Sustainability in curbing government expenditure to check on the imbalances created by the fiscal deficit, without curbing consumption; Managing current account deficits and trade imbalances; Direction to catapult private investment, gross capital formation; Managing supply side constraints; and Empowering the under privileged with skills and knowledge for self-sustenance. A revival in investment cycle should be the way forward for the economy to drive a revival in productivity, rather than depending on consumption to drive productivity. Further, the supply side constraints, if exist for a prolonged period, would cripple the economy and the government would require greater fiscal and monetary tools than currently available to correct the anomaly. At Sumpoorna, we believe that to revive capacity expansion in a counter-cyclical manner would require aggressive policy impetus and balanced development of the economy, rather than aggressive manipulation of macro-economic trends in certain sectors. However, we believe that reviving growth in the...
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...GROUP 7 | SECTION-D | PGP-16 | IIM-Kozhikode | IMPACT OF THE RIGHT TO WORK PROGRAMME | MACROECONOMICS | Ankur ZutshiGokul ManeanLohakare AmolPragyaSatadal BiswasTanmoy Chatterjee | 186196206216226236 | Right to Work The Right to Work, according to the Article 39 of the Indian Constitution under the ‘directive principles of state policy’, states that everyone should be given the right to an adequate means to livelihood. In order to guarantee the basic rights like right to life, right to education, right to food in a country where approximately thirty percent of the population is below the poverty line and the only economic assets it owns is labor power, value-adding profitable employment is very important. NREGA The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (5th September 2005), according to the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice – ‘An Act to provide for the enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto’. The Panchayat or program officer validates applications at the village level, and the government provides a valid applicant with an employment within five kilometers and fifteen days. NREGA, UPA’s brainchild, started in two hundred districts in February 2006, spread...
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...Background to entrepreneurship Definition and interpretation The term enterpreneurship emerges from the french (literally between take or go between )and traceable to the eighteen century economiist Richard Cantillon ,Anne-Robert –jacques Turgot and Francios Quesnay ,The term was also denoted to an actor in charge of large –scale construction Project as cathedral, bearing no risk but simply carrying the task forward untill resoures were Exhausted ,the change in the use of term began in the seventeen century with a specific reference to risk bearing and enterpreneurship was tagged a person who entered into a contractual relationship with the government for the performance of a service or the supply of good ;The assumption was the price of a contract had been valued and fixed and the enterpreneur bore the risk of profit and loss from the bargain. In the eighteen century ,the term was applied in france in several way ; cantillon in 1725 referred to entrepreneurs as risk bearing .But he tried to differentiate the entrepreneurs who provide capital or funds from those who relied on their own labour and resources. That showed an entrepreneurial role as independent of the capitalist role Quesnay considered an enterpreneur as a tenant farmer who rent property at a fixed rent and produces a given price’s like cantillon bandeau ( 1797) and Turgot...
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...Term Paper On Alternative Economic Policies for India based on analysis of the Alternative Budget INTRODUCTION Attempt has been made not to draw a detailed picture of an alternate budget but to understand the macro outline of the budget based on alternative policies. With rising debt and interest burden there was a need for a change in fiscal policy change In the Indian economy. This paper shows the possibility of an alternative change to the IMF dictated budget adopted at that time. A comparison has been made between four scenarios. Scenario I has been drawn up to show the 1994-95 budget if the country would have been persisted with the observed trends of 80s. Scenario II are the projected estimates for 1994-95 if IMF dictated policies are followed. It is not the budget that Finance minister may present. In scenario IV, alternative budget proposal has been detailed out with a real fiscal correction. It has been assumed that the policies are in place for five years. The scenario III is the first year of transition. Changes in taxation both direct and indirect have been done to raise revenue. Expenditures for various sectors have been estimated and the overall impact on the economy has been explained. A comparison between the revised estimates of 1993-94 and alternative budget 1994-95 (Scenario IV) has been done. Finally, the critique has been given with the responses to the critique by Arun Kumar. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Financing of economic development through taxation-...
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...24, 2014 Table of Contents | Section | Page | Abstract ………………………………………………………………….. | 3 | Introduction – Gaining Financing to Execute Business Plan...……………… | 4 | Source of Competition………………………….……….……………………. | 5 | Venture Capitalists Pursuit of Green Technology….……………………….. | 6 | Timing of Investment by Venture Capitalist…………………………………. | 7 | Friends and Family Financing……………………………………………….. | 10 | Angel Investor as Other Source of Capital………………………………….. | 12 | Conclusion …………….…………………………………………………….. | 13 | Abstract Shane Eten and Ryan Begin need to gain $250,000 in financing to launch their business venture, FEED Resource Recovery. Their business plan has gained some traction in presentations to venture capitalists without anyone taking the plunge. They have also gained some interest from potential customers, but have not secured commitments from anyone. Their current efforts focus on securing funding from available sources. As they approach potential investors, they need to acknowledge the possible downsides to their business plan including the invasion of competitors into their identified markets as well as a realistic valuation for the business based upon their lack of customers and lack of product prototype. Nevertheless, their focus on funding could emphasize friends and family as well as angel invstors. Gaining Financing to Execute Business Plan Budding entrepreneur, Shane Eten, developed a plan for a business that he envisioned during his...
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...bank and the whole banking sector was quick to follow suit. Secondly, mobile banking has been introduced and expanded significantly. This process will come its fruition with the introduction of PayPal payment system. Thirdly, revolutionary changes have taken place in CSR. Fourthly, Bangladesh Bank has achieved commendable success in financial inclusion program. Bangladesh Bank's role in involving the mass people into financial activities is undeniable. Finally, the establishment of Currency Museum is a great initiative of Bangladesh Bank. I would now like to say a few words on the economic condition of the country. Under the visionary leadership of the father of the nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, an independent and sovereign Bangladesh emerged in the world map 42 years ago with a view to achieving political and economic freedom of the Bangalees. To complete the unfinished task of economic freedom of Bangabandhu, present government is implementing the...
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...Vision The Bangladesh Bank (BB), through ensuring the quality of services and the competence of its staff, shall operate as a modern, dynamic, effective, and forward-looking central bank to manage the country's monetary and financial system with a view to stabilizing the internal and external value of Bangladesh Taka conducive to rapid growth and development of the economy. ICT in Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank started its ICT journey in 1980 with IBM 370 Mainframe computer and also started in-house software development. Since then Bangladesh Bank along with its own automations assisted different government offices, banks such as President Secretariat, National Board of Revenue, Sonali Bank, Agrani Bank, Janata Bank, Rupali Bank, House Building Finance Corporation etc. for automation of their specific activities. Bangladesh Bank automated several activities in its policy areas, operational areas, prudential supervision areas, enterprise resources management areas and communication areas. So far Eighty different in-house applications have been developed and are in operation. Under networking program, all the departments of Bangladesh Bank Head Office and its nine branch offices have already been brought under a computer network (LAN/WAN) connecting almost 3500 PCs. Now, any official sitting elsewhere in Bangladesh Bank has access to the same kind of resources; sharing knowledge and information; ensure knowledge based management. Centralized email facility has been introduced...
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