...their reproduction methods, means of obtaining nutrients, and importance to humans. Be sure to include representative examples of each type of organism in your response. Your essay should be approximately two pages in length, double-spaced in 10 to 12 point font. If you refer to sources of information besides the textbook, please be sure to cite them in the text and on a reference page using APA format. The Zygomycota are also called conjugation fungi. The reproduction is both sexual and asexual spores. The sexual spores are the zygospores which results from the fusion of the nuclei of two cells that are similar to each other. Assexually, the spores are sporangiospores which germinate in to new mold thallus if dispersed into a suitable medium. The Zygomycota hyphae are non septate. Some species act as agents of plant disease and others can lead to opportunistic infections of diabetic and other immune-compromised patients. Examples of Zygomycota include rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia and Circinella. The Ascomycota are also called sac fungi and reproduce sexually through fusion of 2 nuclei that can be similar or dissimilar to create an ascopore which are produced in a saclike structure called ascus. Asexually, the spores are condia or mitospores which are produced in chains from conidiophore. They include molds and some yeast. The Ascomycota are heterotrophs and obtain nutrients from dead or living organisms. They can consume carbonaceous subtrates including jet fuel and wall paint...
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...absorb their nutrients from the decaying bodies of plants and animals. This is the fungus known to mold bread, specifically called Rhizopus stonlonifer, but on the beneficial side certain species of this fungi is used to ferment some Asian foods and kill insects. This fungus is the cause of infections, particularly zygomycetes, in humans affecting diabetics and immunocomprimised patients called zygomycosis. Ascomycota, this fungus includes molds and yeasts. It is also know as sac fungi, because of the ascus, and reproduces asexually with spores called conidia because they float in the air like dust. They form their ascospores by fusing nuclei of two cells, which are morphologically alike nor not. Ascomycota are heterotrophs and get their nutrients from dead or living organisms even jet fuel or wall paint. There are some forms of Ascomycota that produce asexually like Candida Albicans, causing vaginitis in women and Aspergillus flavus, a contaminant of nuts, which is a known carcinogen. Some other commonly known Ascomycota are black truffles and even some edible mushrooms. The yeast portion of Ascomycota produces Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the yeast used to make bread and to ferment beer. Penicillium is also produced from these fungi. Basidiomycota also known as club fungi produces sexually or asexually, known as teleomorphs. From asexual reproduction a portion of the...
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...Not All Fungi are the Same Jason Tipton Excelsior College Not All Fungi are the Same Fungi have many different characteristics than those of bacteria. Most fungi can live and survive in an environment that can be hostile to most bacteria’s (Tortora,Funke & Case 2013). Even though a fungus is so much different from bacteria, there are many types of fungi that are different from eachother. Some examples of this are the differnces in the three fungi, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Some of the differences they may have can include: each ones reproduction methods, means of obtaining nutrients, and their importance to humans. Zygomycota is known as an conjunction fungi, and they are saprophytic molds that include an coenocytic hyphae ( Tortora,Funke & Case 2013). There are approximately 1050 species known that are Zygomycota and they are mostlyare found living in soil or on decaying plant. An example of a form of the zygomycota fungi is Rhizopus, which is known as the common black mold found in or on bread. The sexual spore of a zygomycota is called a zygospore, and it is eclosed in a wall and is considered both sexual and asexual. Before germination the spore is in a dormant state. There are two types of dormancy are the exogenous and endogenous. Zygomycota are said to be the most ecologically diverse group of fungi, functioning as saprophytes on substrates such as fruit, soil, and dung( James and O’Donnell 2004). Ascomycota is known as a sac fungi...
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...(sac). Sporangia are formed at the end of aerial hyphae called sporangiophores e.g. Rhizopus can cause wounds and respiratory infections in the host with a compromised immune system (Gladwin, & Trattler, 2011). B. Describe a zygospore. 1. Identify a mold that produces zygospores. A thick-walled spore of fungi that is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase an example is rhizopus. It’s a black mold and grows on old bread and fruits. C. Describe what type of growth you observed in each of your substrates (e.g., number of colonies, shape, color, and defining characteristics). I saw about three different types of fungi on the bread. There was a dark green and white while the cheese only had some green fungi and all the colonies were all attached to each other looking like a sponge. On the strawberry I noticed a whitish-greenish-grey growth also with the hyphae growing outwards. It was all around the strawberry and the colonies was about 3 growing towards each other. On the tomatoes I noticed very a lot of green-bluish and white colonies, I think there is grey also Its all over the tomatoes. The yogurt had a dark grey lump of growth on top of it. It looked like it was floating but it is not. The corn had a white and brown growth. It looked long and stretching down the corn (Gladwin, & Trattler, 2011). D....
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...Keva Harris 25 February 2016 Biology Lab 27-13 Survey of the Kingdom Fungi Question 1: a. Are hyphae apparent? Yes b. Are the cells motile? Yes Question 2: a. How many species of mold are on the bread? Five b. Is pigment distribution uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, because the species is not all one color. Concentrated in the sporangium c. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of apright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? It can spread and disperse easier. Question 3: a. Is what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? zygosporangium b. Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes. There were stalks of Rhizopus (asexual) as well as the thick fuzz (sexual). Question 4: What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared with Rhizopus hyphae? The Penicillium hyphae are much smaller. Question 5: a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? Yes b. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are short, round, and unicellular. Molds are long and multicellular. Question 6: What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? In a dikaryotic cell, there are 2 separate nuclei. In a diploid cell, there is one nucleus with 2 sets of chromosomes. Question 7: How many spores would you estimate are...
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... yeasts, molds and Penicillium are examples for the fungi. They are a group of eukaryotic organism. The fungal can reproduce sexually and/or asexually, depending on the environmental conditions. However, most of the fungi prefer the asexual reproduction by mitosis. Both reproduction type produce spores that can be dispersed from their parents and grow up into new organisms. A) Fungi Structure: 1-Fungi body structure: Main body parts are composed of cells, named hyphae. The group of hyphae sets the fungus body is termed the mycelium. The mycelium is mainly subterranean and it can be very large nevertheless diffuse The visible fungus is usually the reproductive structure, or fruiting body 2-Fungi ultrastructure:...
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...Lichen /A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae[->0] or cyanobacteria[->1] (or both) living among filaments of a fungus[->2] in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic[->3]) relationship.[1][2][3] The whole combined life form has properties that are very different to properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Lichens may grow like a tiny, leafless, branching shrub (fruticose[->4]), like it has leaves (foliose[->5]), like a crust of paint on a surface (crustose[->6]),[4] or have other growth forms.[5] A macrolichen is a lichen that is either bush-like or leafy. A microlichen is everything else.[1] Here, "macro" and "micro" do not refer to size, but to the growth form.[1] Common names for lichens[->7] may contain the word "moss" (e.g., "Reindeer moss[->8]", "Iceland moss[->9]"), and lichens may superficially look like and grow with mosses, but lichens are not related to mosses or any plant.[3]:3 Lichens don't have roots that absorb water and nutrients like in plants.[6]:2 Instead they produce their own food from sunlight, air, water, and minerals in their environment.[7] They are not parasites[->10] on the plants they may grow on, but only use them as a substrate to grow on or in. Lichens occur from sea level[->11] to high alpine[->12] elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.[7] Lichens are abundant...
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...practical way to organize and communicate information about organisms. Classification can show relationships between different ancient and modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along which present-day organisms may have developed, and provide a basis for comparing experimental data about different plant and animal groups. Organisms included in a group share a common genetic heritage in their DNA, and they must be more closely related to each other than they are to the members of other groups of the same rank. However, classifications of organisms are modified as ideas of their phylogeny change. Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. It is a branch of systematics, the study of the diversity of organisms. The first scheme for classifying animals into logical groupings may have been proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, many new classification systems have been proposed; none, however, has succeeded in fitting all plants, animals, and microorganisms into a single, completely satisfactory scheme. For example, some taxonomists classify algae with the protista or consider them plants. Recently, biotechnological techniques have enabled researchers to compare the DNA of various organisms to decipher the phylogeny of some organisms and helped to distinguish some closely related species with similar appearance. HISTORY ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) is often called the father of biological classification. His classification scheme...
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...roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. Much of said research was conducted from 1980-2000; this 30 year period saw the report of nearly half of the marine fungal species currently known (Jones et al. 2009; Jones, 2011). That being said, marine fungi are vastly understudied and under rated in comparison to marine plants, animals, and other microorganisms; frequently they are omitted or only briefly referenced in marine biodiversity and ecology text books (Jones and Pang, 2012). The cladistics of marine fungi is currently in a state of flux, with new taxa being discovered as molecular techniques such as DNA and RNA analysis via polymerase chain reactions, and gel electrophoresis are implemented (Ald et al 2005). Even though fungus-like organisms such as oomycetes are not fungi, marine mycologists often study them as they perform similar functions, and until recently most had been classified as fungi based on their morphological similarities (Jones, 2011). These fungus-like organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, zoospores, have chitin containing cell walls, and similar life cycles to fungi (Neuhauser et al. 2012). Conventionally terrestrial or freshwater species are also included in the marine fungal group as facultative species; this is due to their active ecological role in the marine, and estuarine environment. Here is broad, but accepted definition for obligate, and facultative marine fungi from Kohlmeyer, 1979 "obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively...
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...Biology Summary Of December The 21ST. Feeding: Is the capacity LO have to take solid food (as animals do), digest it first and absorb it later (like Fungi do) or built up for themselves -Photosynthesis- (like plants do). (p. 293) Breathing: Is the capacity LO have to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The Exchange of Gases: Locomotion: Is the capacity most single-celled creatures and animals have to move about as a whole. Fungi and Plants, move with some parts of their bodies. Respiration: (Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy) Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: ...
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...To ensure that the bacteria stay alive and continue their life processes you must make sure the yoghurt is stored at the correct temperature. If the yoghurt was going to be consumed by a human it should be stored in a fridge (˚5) at all times. This is done as it slows down the speed that the bacteria do their life cycles. This means that they will produce less lactic acid which means the yoghurt will stay fit for consumption longer. If you were making yoghurt you would store it at a high but not too high temperature (above ˚30C no higher than 75˚C). This would ensure that the bacterial enzymes will complete their life processes as quickly as possible without denaturing the cells. When the scalded milk is added to the yoghurt starter it must be cooled to at least 50˚C, if not the milk will kill the bacteria in the yoghurt starter which will mean that no yoghurt will be able to be made as there is no bacteria to do the life processes to produce lactic acid and yoghurt. Also...
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...Athlete’s Foot: A Digital Perspective Julie Sawyer Computer Information Systems, CIS 116 Instructor: Jane Jarboe October 7, 2004 Athlete’s Foot: A Digital Perspective Athlete’s Foot is a common fungal infection of the keratinized superficial layers of the epidermis and can occur on feet, hands, hair and nails. Tinea Pedis, the medical term for this infection, is caused by Trichophyton rubrum, a fungal spore, commonly found on the skin (Morris). Special electron computerized microscopes are needed to properly identify any fungal organism growing on the skin because microorganisms can not be seen with the naked eye. The electron photograph above is a digital enhancement of a microorganism shown 10,000 times its actual size. Without computer technology, we would be unable to identify these microorganisms and consequently, unable to determine a medicinal approach for their eradication. Athlete’s Foot infection occurs when environmental conditions are optimal for fungal growth. Feet are the perfect host because of the warm, moist and dark environment created when wearing snug or plastic shoes or failing to remove damp socks. Athletes were first associated with this infection because of their regular use of tight- fitting running shoes (KidsHealth), locker rooms, and pools. However, everyone is susceptible to getting this type of skin infection because of increased usage of public pools, public locker rooms...
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...|3.1 Diversity of |Objectives | |Organisms | | |3.1.4 Fungi |State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus. | | |Explain nutrition in fungi. | | |Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast. | | |Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi. | | |Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi. | | |Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. | |3.1.2 + 3.1.5 Handling |1.Discuss and outline the Laboratory Procedures for Micro-organisms | |Micro-organisms |2.State precautions used when working with microorganisms. ...
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...DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL 2 Background 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1.1Chemistry of wood 5 1.1.2Extractives 5 1.2Environmental Factors Affecting wood decay 6 2.0 The Role of microorganisms in wood decay 7 3.0 Microbiological degradation of wood 9 3.1 Wood decaying fungi 10 3.1.1 Soft rot 10 3.1.2White rot 13 3.1.3 Bacteria 13 3.2 Mechanism of wood deterioration 14 3.2.1 Degradation of hemicelluloses 15 3.2.2 Degradation of lignin 16 3.2.3 Cellulose degradation 16 4.0CASE STUDY 19 5.0 Control of wood deterioration 21 5.1 CONCLUSION 24 REFERENCE 25 MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL BY AGWULONU JOSEPH SU11311020 DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, KOGI STATE. Background Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by them. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues...
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...Cause and spread of infection 1.1. Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites All 4 are different types of pathogens Bacteria is a single celled organism that multiply by themselves. They lives within and on most living and nonliving things. The majority of bacteria’s are harmless and beneficial to the human body but some can cause infectious diseases. A bacterium usually affects one part of the body and doesn’t spread across or through the body. Bacterial infections are normally treated with a cause of antibiotics. Viruses: are made up of genes and proteins that spread throughout the body by invading the body’s own cells so they can reproduce and multiply in the body. They use the body’s cells as a host because they are unable to multiply on their own. They are normally spread directly from human to human. Viruses can be very tough and there are not many effective medicines available for viral diseases. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans. Fungi: like to grow in warm, moist places. Some fungi can be beneficial to us such as penicillin, but certain types of fungi can be harmful to our health. Like bacteria and viruses, some fungi can act as pathogens. Human fungal diseases can occur due to infection or fungal toxins. Symptoms for fungal diseases can be as common as itching, coughing, fever, wheezing, but they can also be as serious as meningitis or even death Parasites are organisms that use other...
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