...Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it is reproduction which almost always does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent, except in the specific case of automixis. A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which is reproduction without the fusion ofgametes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea, bacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually (without the formation and fusion of gametes), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such asconjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction.[1] A complete lack of sexual reproduction is relatively rare among multicellular organisms, particularly animals. It is not entirely understood why the ability to reproduce sexually is so common among them. Current hypotheses [2] suggest that asexual reproduction may have short term benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation of genetic diversity, allowing adaptation to changing environments. Developmental constraints[3] may underlie why few animals have relinquished sexual reproduction completely in their life-cycles...
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...waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: Is the capacity single-celled organisms and Bacteria to simply keep dividing into two. Many-celled plants and animals may reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual Reproduction characteristics (meiosis/gametes production/mitosis) Meiosis is a form of cell reproduction. This process takes place in the sex cells. It is a process of cell division in which a diploid cell (2n)...
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...• Explain how the evolution of these reproductive adaptations has increased the chanced of continuity of the species in the Australian Environment Asexual reproduction Organisms that reproduce asexually do not have to rely on another individual organism to provide gametes and are at an advantage when sudden or unexpectedly favourable conditions arise because they can quickly reproduce themselves (with offspring identical to the parent). This can become a competitive edge if the organism lives in an environment that is often disturbed, and they are particularly well suited to a certain environment or habitat. Asexual reproduction among plants is far more common in harsh environments where there is little margin for variation. The main disadvantage to asexual reproduction is if extremely harsh conditions arise, the whole group of species is particularly vulnerable to these conditions, or to disease, parasitism and predation. Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different and possibly better adapted to new and changing environmental conditions than their parents. This gives the species a better chance at surviving in ever-changing environments. However, sexual reproduction is often a more energetically expensive process, compared to asexual reproduction, and may be the first thing an organism abandons in times of hardship. External fertilisation The chances of successful external fertilisation are increased by the synchronisation...
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...YEAR 11 2A/2B Biology PROGRAM 2014 TERM ONE: 2A ADAPTATIONS FOR SURVIVAL WEEK | TOPIC | TEXTBOOKREADINGS | Home WorkSETS DUE | PRACTICAL | ASSESSMENT DUE | 1 | Introduction to Biological ScienceWorking as a biologist – Planning and conducting biological researchScientific Method and fair tests. | From Mr Goggins and Mr Goodlet | From Class Work Sheets | Caffeine and heart rate | | 2 | Module: Ecosystems, Biodiversity & SustainabilityClassification * Methods and purpose of classification. * biological classification as a hierarchical system of grouping organisms. * Domains and Empires * Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,Species | Chapter 8 | Pg 237 Q’ s 1-3Pg 241Q’s4-6 | Insecta Classification&PlantaeClassification | | 3 | Classification Continued * Characteristics of the major Phyla * Orders of insect. * binomial nomenclature and the use of taxonomic keys | Chapter 8and teacher resources | Pg 254Q’s 11-14Describe major distinguishing features of Animal Phyla. | Field Guides | | 4 | Ecosystems and Communities * role of organisms including autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers in the ecosystem (Niche) * energy flow and dissipation in food chains, webs and pyramids. | Chapter 9Chapter 14Pg 457-469 | Pg 275Q’s 1-4Pg 282 & 290Q’s 8-17Pg 467 & 469Q’s 3-8 | Mt Henry and surrounding area field survey. | | | EXEAT weekend Thurs to Mon | | | | | 5 | Cycling of mattermatter cycles through abiotic and biotic components...
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... Three main phyla has there is a forth known as imperfect fungi. Fungi are divided into phyla primarily based on their reproduction structures. Most fungi are adaptable to more extreme environments than bacteria would be able to survive and thrive in. For example most fungi prefer lower pH levels that would be far too acidic for most bacteria. They also have the ability to flourish in low moisture environments, such as many of our foods that are spoiled due to these classifications of organisms. All fungi are chemoheterotophs, meaning they must absorb their nutrients, vice, ingesting it as those in the animal kingdom. They also have the ability to produce enzymes that deteriorate complex carbohydrates for metabolism. These enzymes adhere to the tissue of fruits for example, breaking down the skin of the fruit. Thus the reason, fruits turn dark when they begin to spoil. As stated above, fungi are classified into distinct phyla based upon their reproductive structures. Each phylum will be discussed separately with examples of organisms with in the phyla as well as important aspects associated with humans both positive and negative. Organisms within the phylum Zygomycota have the ability to produce both sexually and asexually. Normally reproduction is carried out asexually until condition become right for sexually reproduction. In the asexual cycle, sporangiospores are contained within the sporangium. When the sporangium breaks open the sporangiospores are able...
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...chromosome. Each cell after cell division has half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. “What wasps can tell us about Sex” by Christoph Vorburger Researchers found out that wasp that can reproduce asexually and sexually in the course of evolution. They came up with various theories that explain the problem of comparison. The modes of Reproduction in wasp are different both in genetic difference and individual difference. “Females develop from fertilized eggs and makes from unfertilized eggs. I n sexual populations, females only produce daughter without fertilization” according to the Science Daily article by C. Vorburger. Using cross experiments, the traits that are inherited are recessively and traits that act like a single genetic factor. Asexually reproduction genetically happens over a short period of time because there is o genetic mixing and adaption conditions are difficult to adjust to. I thought this article was interesting because not only do they reproduce in one way but also they reproduce both way, Asexual and Sexual. Wasp of all insects has different techniques of adapting to nature’s reproduction cycle. “No Sex Please, We’re females” by John Stublar Henry Doorly Zoo in Nebraska found evidence that female hammerhead sharks reproduce sexually but recently found that they could be mated asexually by an...
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...Experiment one Pre-Lab Questions 1. Hypothesize why a fungus would use spores as a mechanism for reproduction. * Spores are small and light and can help fungus reproduce both sexually and asexually. A fungus would use a spore to reproduce because when they land in the right conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae. 2. How might the environment affect a fungus reproducing sexually or asexually? * Because if the environment is not how it needs to be the fungus will be unable to grow 3. What characteristics are more plant-like? Animal-like? * With animals fungi lack chloroplasts and with plants fungi have a cell wall and vacuoles, the produce sexually and asexually Post-Lab Questions 1. Include your hypothesis from Step 5 here. * I believe that the wet piece of bread will experience more growth over time than the dry piece of bread. The bread will act as a sponge, soak up the water, and fungus and bacteria will start to grow over the course of a few days. 2. What structures did you see in the bread mold? * Different color molding, mostly yellowish white molds, rough surface, large oval or circular structures, some places were very hard and dry as well. 3. Why was it important to moisten the bread before sealing it in the resealable bag? * I believe it was important because moistening the bread will allow mold to grow quicker when kept in an incubated location 4. What type...
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...Social reproduction is broadly defined as nonprofit or profited procedures and tasks that maintain attributes of a specific social custom throughout one’s time. Primary, these tasks are usually in forms of domestic labor, child bearing, nurturing, educating one’s child and fostering individuals with disadvantages. In Barbara Cameron's Social Reproduction and Canadian Federalism, Cameron described social reproduction as two separate outlooks; “The concept includes but goes beyond physical recreation, in the sense of both biological reproduction and the daily maintenance of the current and future generation of workers” (Cameron, 45). The first outlook is the “biological reproduction”, the process of conception to childbirth, encompassing reproductive behavior, the “nonprofit procedure” and the second outlook, the “daily maintenance”—the day-by-day tasks of one’s “daily reproduction” and “profit” of life. In this assignment, I will evidently demonstrate my examples of “daily reproduction” and “profited tasks” through my eyes, as a young female adult that has not undergone “biological reproduction” or conceived. Upon recording my day-to-day activities, I have conjured up “broad range of activities, in an array of locations, which combine to ensure the daily and generational reproduction of the popluaton”(Bezanson, 24). In such, they are unpaid and my individual way of living and social contributions to the westernized population. This definition is governed and portrayed in my...
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...not require light to grow and their temperature range varies which means they can survive in a multitude of different environments. Very common, they can be found anywhere, from occurring on the skins of fruits to residing in the intestinal tracts of animals as parasites. The most common method of reproduction for yeasts is asexual reproduction through budding. In this process, the parent cell’s nucleus splits and forms a daughter nucleus. The daughter cell grows on the parent cell until it is large enough to separate. Through cytokinesis, this ‘bud’ then forms a new cell. Less common is the method of sexual reproduction in which spores are formed. In this lab, I will be culturing four yeast samples under different conditions. The goal is to study the effects of limited reproduction, additional resources (nutrition) and predation on the yeast population. Yeasts play a very important role not only by serving as nutrient recyclers in nature, but by also being important for the food industry because they can convert carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols through fermentation. They are also used in cell biology research and produce ethanol. 2. When ammonia, which limits reproduction, and a microbe (predation) are added to the culture, the yeast population will decrease. And when additional food is introduced into the environment, the yeast population will increase considerably, but then stabilize because of the carrying capacity of the environment. In all four groups, the yeast...
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...Basic Processes of Reproduction Bacteria: Bacteria reproduce asexually, under positive environment settings this process is carried out through the method binary fission, where the most bacterial reproduction occurs in prokaryotic cells. The second method is through mitosis in eukaryotic cells except gametes (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Binary fission is asexual by nature and involves the splitting of the parent cells into two equal parts which once the split can be capable of independent existence (MediLexicon, 2004-2011). Grasshopper: Grasshoppers sexually reproduce when the male grasshopper introduces his spermatozoa through his aedeagus (reproductive organ) into the females ovipositor. The sperm sack contains a large packet of proteins known as spermatophylax that helps keep the eggs properly nourished (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Once fertilized the female lays the eggs with her ovipositor and stomach one to two inches underground to keep them protected during the winter months until they hatch in warmer weather (New World Encyclopedia). Fish: Fish reproduce is, based on the location, time of year, and the presence of a proper mate (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Depending on the type of fish they gather in huge schools, and females expel eggs and the males follow behind discharging Milt (sperm) into the water. Some of the eggs float some sink to the bottom, and others are, laid in nests. Once the eggs are laid, they are commonly...
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...BIOL/ BMSC 114: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction • Two modes of animal reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. – In most cases asexual reproduction relies on mitotic cell division. – Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring by fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote. • Gametes are formed by meiosis. • Sexual reproduction directly reduces your contribution to the next generation! Phil Lester, KK413 3 Asexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction has many advantages: – All your wonderful genes are contributed to the next generation (no dilution!). – It enables animals living in isolation to reproduce. – It can create numerous offspring in a short amount of time. • Theoretically it is most advantageous in stable, favourable environments because it perpetuates successful genotypes precisely. Types of asexual reproduction: Fission. • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission. – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of roughly equal size. Phylum Cnidaria– sacs with central digestive system. 4 5 Types of asexual reproduction: Budding. • A new individual splitting off from an existing one. – For example certain species in the Phylum Cnidaria: new individuals grow out from the body of a parent. – May detach or remain joined to the parent. Phylum Cnidaria– hydras can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavourable. 6 Types of asexual reproduction: Fragmentation. • The breaking of the...
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...ongoing natural processes. These processes are: mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection. Mutation is the origin of all new genetic diversity, occurring when there are occasional errors in the replication of DNA or other elements of the production and packaging of genetic information within the cells. Although implies something negative, mutations can have positive, neutral, or deleterious impacts Mutations occur rather slowly but continuously. Mutations at one level, for example, in the nucleotides that are the basis of DNA, May not all is expressed at other levels — such as protein differences or observable changes in the appearance of a plant. The rate of mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationships. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not "try" to supply what the organism "needs." Factors in the environment may influence the rate of mutation but are not generally thought to influence the direction of mutation. For example, exposure to harmful chemicals may increase the mutation rate, but will not cause more mutations that make the organism resistant to those chemicals. In this respect, mutations are random whether a...
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...Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the artificial or natural dispersal of plants. Sexual Reproduction – pollination (plants or trees that have flowers) Asexual Reproduction *Natural *Artificial Natural Methods of Asexual Reproduction Natural methods of asexual reproduction include strategies that plants have developed to self-propagate. Many plants, such as ginger, onion, gladioli, and dahlia, continue to grow from buds that are present on the surface of the stem. In some plants, such as the sweet potato, adventitious roots or runners (stolons) can give rise to new plants . In Bryophyllum and kalanchoe, the leaves have small buds on their margins. When these are detached from the plant, they grow into independent plants; they may also start growing into independent plants if the leaf touches the soil. Some plants can be propagated through cuttings alone. Runners: asexual reproduction A stolon, or runner, is a stem that runs along the ground. At the nodes, it forms adventitious roots and buds that grow into a new plant. Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction Artificial methods of asexual reproduction are frequently employed to give rise to new, and sometimes novel, plants. They include grafting, cutting, layering, and micropropagation. Grafting Grafting has long been used to produce novel varieties of roses, citrus species, and...
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...|3.1 Diversity of |Objectives | |Organisms | | |3.1.4 Fungi |State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus. | | |Explain nutrition in fungi. | | |Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast. | | |Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi. | | |Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi. | | |Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. | |3.1.2 + 3.1.5 Handling |1.Discuss and outline the Laboratory Procedures for Micro-organisms | |Micro-organisms |2.State precautions used when working with microorganisms. ...
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...Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The creation of offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called A) asexual reproduction. B) sexual reproduction. C) a life cycle. D) regeneration. E) spontaneous generation. Answer: A 2) Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. E) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. Answer: D 3) Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to A) all forms of reproduction. B) sexual reproduction only. C) asexual reproduction only. D) production of gametes from a premeiotic cell. E) sexual reproduction between different species. Answer: C 4) Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual (s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Answer B 5) With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because we have A) identical chromosomes, but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits...
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