...injuries. Patients can be treated in either an inpatient or outpatient setting. This normally depends on the severity of their injury or illness. A patient who has suffered a stroke, for example will be treated within the hospital by therapists before being discharged and prescribed outpatient therapy. Stroke patients are also treated under more than one rehabilitation discipline. This means that they will see not only a licensed physical therapist but in many cases, an occupational and speech therapist as well. There are two main distinctions between physical therapists, orthopedic, neurological and pediatric. Orthopedic therapists work with a number of different diagnoses but the majority of their patients suffer from a muscle, joint or spinal injury. Advancements in medicine have allowed surgeons to perform joint replacement surgeries. Patients who have had a total knee, hip or shoulder replacement will more often than not end up in the hands of a physical therapist. According to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) those therapists who decide to become a neurological physical therapist will specialize “in the evaluation and treatment of individuals with movement problems due to disease or injury of the nervous system” (2012). These conditions include traumatic brain injuries, stroke patients, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and vestibular disorders that can cause dizziness and...
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...dysfunction of cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve. Individuals typically develop one sided facial weakness that may be associated with altered saliva and tear production on the same side as facial weakness. Individuals may also experience loss of sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Most individuals experience a full recovery, however, a subset of patients have permanent facial weakness. This may lead to psychological symptoms and disability. Eye lid involvement can result in the inability to close the eyelid. Individuals often require frequent use of eye lubricants and referral an eye specialist. Lower facial muscle involvement can lead to drooping of the corner of the mouth and slurred speech (dysarthria). These symptoms are often mistaken...
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...Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease) Dustin M. Sumner ITT- Technical Institute of Technology Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. When muscle has no nourishment, it “atrophies” or wastes away. “Lateral” identifies the areas in a person’s spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening (“sclerosis”) in the region. ALS is a disorder that affects the function of nerves and muscles. Based on U.S. population studies, a little over 5,600 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS each year. (That’s 15 new cases a day.) It is estimated that as many as 30,000 Americans have the disease at any given time. According to the ALS Care Database, 60% of the people with ALS in the Database are men and 93% of patients in the Database are Caucasian. Most people who develop ALS are between the ages of 40 and 70, with an average age of 55 at the time of diagnosis. However, cases of the disease do occur in persons in their twenties and thirties. Generally though, ALS occurs in greater percentages as men and women grow older. ALS is 20% more common in men than in women. There are several research studies – past and present –investigating possible risk factors that may be associated with ALS. More work is needed to conclusively...
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...nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movements. It was named after Lou Gehrig because he was the first person with this disease. He was diagnosed in 1938, the doctor originally diagnosed him with a very rare form of degenerative disease. On June 2, 1941 is when the world lost a beloved baseball legend to ALS. This disease will end up leading people with the disease to their death. A-myo-trophic comes from the Greek language. “A” means no or negative, “Myo” refers to muscle and “Trophic” means nourishment- “no nourishment”. “Lateral” identifies...
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...condition in which the neurotransmitter dopamine has been depleted. Dopamine, produced mainly in the substantia nigra, is largely responsible for muscle control. Without dopamine, the muscles of the speech mechanisms are restricted in amplitude, range, and flexibility (Duffy, 2013). According to Fox and Ramig (1997), approximately 75% of PD patients exhibit voice and/or speech deficits. In the majority of PD patients, communication is impacted by “soft voice, monotone, breathy, hoarse voice quality and imprecise articulation” (Fox & Ramig, 2007). Fox and Ramig (2007) stated, “Many patients and their families consider the reduced ability...
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...the most popular cosmetic treatments in the world. Celebrities like Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Liz Hurley are rumoured to be keeping the wrinkles at bay this way. Sir Cliff Richard admitted to having had the treatment and now it is an increasingly popular choice for ordinary women looking for a quick way to look younger. What is Botox? Botox is made from ‘botulinum toxin’, a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium causes botulism - a severe form of food poisoning. In small quantities, however, Botox merely interrupts nerve impulses to muscles in the face. Botox first began to be used in 1980 to treat many muscle disorders such as lazy eye, eye ticks and uncontrolled blinking. Cosmetic treatments were pioneered by dermatological surgeons in 1987. In small doses, Botox works by paralysing the muscles of the face which are used in frowning and raising the eyebrows. When these muscles relax, the fine lines and wrinkles smooth out. Unfortunately, when it is overdone, Botox treatment can leave the face with a lack of expression. This is reputed to have caused a problem for some actors. Armpit attack Botox is reportedly a favourite with Oscar...
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...learning how to talk may seem easy but for some it is a stage of struggle and difficulty. Children learn how to talk more easily and faster if the adults in their homes spend enough time talking to them. Other children find it more difficult to develop speech because they do not hear their parents talk much. All children have the ability to learn how to talk. Learning to talk is a natural habit, a natural gift inscribed deep within mankind’s genetic inheritance ( Bardies, De Bevoise 1999 ). In about the second year after conception or one year after being born, a child will utter his first words. The swiftness and skills with which many children master the art of speaking has always fascinated many adults. Before a child knows how to coordinate his hands to snap a toy, he will utmost have understood some if not all the sentences addressed to him by an adult. Before they even how to tie up or knot their shoelaces they will virtually have mastered the art of talking their language. This special ability of acquiring language so fast could only be described to come from a gift. Speech is the sound coming out of the mouth which takes shape to form words. The process of learning how to talk is complex. In order to talk or produce speech there; * The desire to communicate must be present. * The brain should have earlier learned or heard words in the contexts. * It’s a prerequisite that the brain...
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...1 Lou Gehrigs Disease (ALS) The name of my Disease is Lou Gehrigs Disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS for short a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. The Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affects the nerve system and causes you to go paralyze and not move. What happens is that the motor neutrons die and you lose all control of your muscles and you cannot move your muscles and then you are paralyze until you die of (ALS).In the next Paragraph I will tell you of the symptoms what you will see if you have (ALS).This is the name of my disease and I hope that this Gave you some information on (ALS). Some of the early sighs of (ALS) are that muscle weakness in one or more of the following: hands, arms, legs or the muscles of speech, swallowing or breathing are some of the early symptoms .Some more of the symptoms are twitching and cramping of muscles; especially those in the hands and feet itch are some more of the symptoms. The most common impairment of the use of the arms and legs, and thick speech and difficulty in projecting the voice. The most advanced symptoms are shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing and swallowing. These are the symptoms of ALS. In the next paragraph I will who discovered this disease And how it was discovered. Jean Marie Charcot noted the first reports of ALS in 1874, and named the fatal syndrome based on what he found. He was a noted French neurologist who has been called...
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...In this paper, traumatic brain injuries, the effects on speech and language, and the speech-language pathologist’s role with patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury will be discussed. A traumatic brain injury is a very common cause of speech and language problems. It is an acquired cause, meaning it is not present at birth. It affects many areas of communication, including cognitive and memory skills, as well as speech and language. A speech-language pathologist plays an important role in these individuals’ lives. Speech-language pathologists are responsible for both the evaluation and the therapy for the patient. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Introduction Numerous research studies have been conducted on the topic...
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...Alzheimer's Disease ● Definition-Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs when nerve cells in the brain die. ● Signs-Memory loss that affects job skills, difficulty performing familiar tasks, problems with language, disorientation to time and place, poor or decreased judgment, problems with abstract thinking, misplacing things, changes in mood or behavior, changes in personality, loss of initiative. ● Treatment-specific treatment will be determined by the physician based on your age, health, and medical history, extent of disease, your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapy, expectations for the course of the disease, your opinion or preference and at this time there...
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...and melancholic part with their dark thoughts. In the middle of the XVIII century the encyclopedist Denis Diderot, in his treatise: "About riding and what it means to maintain health and to find it again", wrote: "Among the exercise the first place belongs to ride. It can be used to treat many diseases, but may also prevent them befores they appear." Hippotherapy is a comprehensive and multi-method of rehabilitation, a form of physiotherapy (physical therapy), where tools for rehabilitation are the horse, the process of riding and exercising that a person does during riding. While riding all the major muscle groups of the body receive a work out. This occurs at a reflex level, because sitting on the horse, moving along with it, the person instinctively tries to keep the balance not to fall off the horse, and thus encourages the active work of both healthy and affected muscles, without noticing it. Hippotherapy is the only type of treatment when the patient may not understand that he is treated, riding and communication with the horse becomes a game. Psychogenic factor increases the ability to adapt to reality. For a...
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...this way, experiences in group singing can greatly influence the development of social relationships among students. The responsiveness of the group, their concentration and mutuality and uplift, supports each individual’s personal experience and allows for them to have a positive social experience. Clients also show significant improvement on the Aggression/Hostility scale. Group music therapy facilitates self-expression and is able to channel anger, frustration, and aggression and transform them into an experience of self-mastery and creativity. Depressed adolescents who are exposed to music show a significant decrease in stress hormone levels. Majority of adolescents shift toward left frontal EEG activation showing a positive effect (American Music Therapy Association, p. 2). Music therapy provides many sided experiences for special needs students, and it is unfortunate that many special needs students do not have the opportunity to benefit from these experiences because they are not provided in the general special education...
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...Given that the patient shows signs of loss of control of limbs and slight speech impediment, she could be suffering from a neuro-muscular disease. There are several neuromuscular diseases such as: Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or Lou Gehrig’s Disease. To start off, since the patient experiences weakness in the limbs, she could be suffering from a type of muscular dystrophy (MD). There are many kinds of MDs, all of which cause weakness by the degeneration of muscular tissue in the body. Looking at the patient’s age and that she feels weakness in the distal muscles, it can also be hypothesized that she could be suffering from a form of distal myopathy. Most distal myopathies occur at a later stage in life and atrophy happens...
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...probably heard of Down Syndrome. But what is it? According to the National Down Syndrome Society webpage that I went to on September 16th, Down syndrome occurs when someone has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. B. There are three types of Down syndrome; trisomy 21, translocation, and mosaicism. Trisomy 21 results in an embryo with three copies of the chromosome 21 rather than the usual two. In translocation part of chromosome 21 breaks off during cell division and attaches itself to another chromosome. Mosaicism occurs when there is a partial malformation of chromosome 21. C. One in 691 babies in the United States are born with Down syndrome, making it the most common genetic condition. Approximately 400,000 Americans have Down syndrome and about 6,000 babies with Down syndrome are born in the US each year. Mosaic accounts for 1-2% of all diagnoses, translocation for 2-4% of the diagnoses and trisomy 21 accounts for 95% of children diagnosed with Down syndrome. Now that you know what down syndrome is, lets take a look at the two ways that Down syndrome diagnosed: prenatally and at birth. II. There are two tests for Down syndrome that can be done before birth. A. A prenatal screen can be either a blood test or a 3-d ultrasound. These tests can estimate the chance of the fetus having Down syndrome...
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... Cerebral Palsy (CP), is the most common disability affecting function in children. It is described by a loss of control of coordination and muscle movements. Cerebral Palsy affects the child’s abilities such as learning, speaking, and become independent, so the effect can last through the child’s life-time. Trying to reduce the effects of Cerebral Palsy can improve the aspects of life for both the child and family. Cerebral Palsy is caused by a neurological condition ( problems in the brain and the nervous system). Specifically, it is caused by a problem in the part that is responsible for controlling muscles in the brain (1). Early age diagnosing for Cerebral Palsy is necessary, and it can take several steps: developmental monitoring, developmental screening, and developmental and medical evaluations (2). The first step of diagnosing Cerebral Palsy is developmental monitoring ( surveillance) which means to track a child’s growth and development over time. The doctor monitors the child’s...
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