...Cultural Management Theories and Challenge for Global Managers Preface The hospitality and the tourism industries are inter-related. Neither industry is limited to country boundaries. They are growing very rapidly. In a world which has become globalized, international trade barriers are becoming less and funds can be more easily obtained at present than in the past which boost the development of these industries throughout the world. More and more multinational organisations have emerged in these fields. These organisations are working in different countries in different cultural environments. This cultural difference in different countries introduces to the managers with the classical problem of cross cultural management which involves problems regarding understanding, interacting and communicating with individuals from different cultures (Ayoun and Moreo, 2008). Organisations in hospitality and tourism industries, especially hotels, are being more widely spread across the globe. As such, all managers have to think about culture. There may be two types of manager in this scenario. One is a global manager, actually the best person available for the job from any culture, who is responsible for coordinating business in more than one country. The other one is an expatriate manager, a person from any culture, who is assigned to control the business of one country and who thus becomes an expert of that culture (Capellen and Leuven, 2006. p. 1-4). The global manager’s competency and...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Cultural aspect to Communication 3 3.1. Cultural Contexts 3 3.2. Assessing Cultures through Hofstede’s Framework 4 4. Codes of Communication 6 4.1. Verbal Communication 6 4.1.1. Welcome topics of conversation 7 4.1.2. Topics to avoid 8 4.2. Non-Verbal Communication 9 5. Gift Giving 10 6. Causes of Cross-Cultural Communication Conflicts 12 7. Conclusion 13 8. Recommendations 14 9. References 15 Executive Summary Today’s world has gone global. This globalization has led to the collaboration among manufacturers of products, suppliers of materials and service providers situated across the globe. The markets are no more restricted to a specific region or a country. The boundaries and distances between the markets have vanished. Saturation in developed markets has led to exploration and exploitation of emerging markets. The expansion of geographic footprint is not happening only to meet business needs, but this is happening also to promote social causes (Education, Health Awareness) and to mitigate global risks (Global Warming). Therefore, for the purpose of effective functioning, there is a strong need to learn about Cross-Cultural Communication. It is true that any usage of an inappropriate word, an impression or a gesture can lead to serious business or social implications. These cross-cultural communication...
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...Skip to content HOME BLOG A2 GEOGRAPHY Discuss the roles and relative importance of NICs and TNCs in a changing global economy. Discuss the roles and relative importance of NICs and TNCs in a changing global economy. An economy is the activities related to the production of goods and services within a specified geographic region. This can exist on a national scale, the trade and services within a country, but equally, if countries trade goods and services with each other, their economies interact, it can happen on a global scale, this is known as globalisation. This interaction of economies on a worldwide scale is else known as the global economy, and NICs and TNCs play a fundamental role in changing how it operates. An ‘NIC’, else known as a ‘newly industrialising country’ is a country where industrial production has grown sufficiently for it to become a major source of their income as a nation. A ‘TNC’ is a company that operates in at least two countries. They often have management headquarters in their home country and operate in host countries alongside; examples would include GlaxoSmithKline, BP, Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola. NICs are having a prominent impact on sculpting the global economy. They are characterised by the fact that they are gaining an increasing share of the world manufacturing output, a significant growth in their manufactured export production and a significant annual growth in their manufacturing sector. The first generation of NICs were,...
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...do not appear to be consciously engaged in crusading or muckraking. Simply reporting the facts can be enough to generate concern, anxiety, or panic.[4]:16 Examples include the belief in widespread abduction of children by predatory pedophiles,[5] belief in ritual abuse by satanic cults of women and children,[6] scaremongering of the spread of AIDS,[7] and the War on Drugs.[8] Contents [hide] 1 Use as a social science term 1.1 British vs American 2 Characteristics 3 Examples 3.1 2000s: Human trafficking 3.2 1990s–present: Sex offenders 3.3 1980s–1990s: Satanic ritual abuse 3.4 1980s–1990s: Dungeons and Dragons 3.5 1980s–present: AIDS 3.6 1970s–present: Video games and violence 3.7 1970s–present: Crime increase 3.8 1970s–present: War on drugs 4 Criticism 5 Other 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Use as a social science term[edit] Marshall McLuhan gave the term academic treatment in his book Understanding Media, written in 1964.[9] According to Stanley Cohen, author of a sociological study about youth culture and media called Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972),[10] a moral panic occurs when "...[a] condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests".[4] Those who start the panic when they fear a threat to prevailing social or cultural values are known by researchers as moral entrepreneurs, while people who supposedly threaten the social order have been described...
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...I S S N 1725 - 5767 Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review 1 THEMATIC PAPERS Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu Contents 1. Introduction 2. Travelling and using drugs Young people Problem drug users 3. Examples of drug-related destinations 4. Prevalence of drug use among young travellers Young holidaymakers in Europe Young backpackers Young clubbers and partygoers 5. Risks associated with drug use while travelling Health risks Risk related to personal safety Legal risks Risks related to injecting drug use Risks to local communities 6. Potential for prevention interventions 7 Conclusions . Acknowledgements References 3 4 4 4 6 9 9 10 11 13 13 14 14 14 15 17 19 21 22 Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu 3 1. Introduction Recent decades have seen a growth in travel and tourism abroad because of cheap air fares and holiday packages. This has been accompanied by a relaxation of border controls, especially within parts of Europe participating in the Schengen Agreement. As some people may be more inclined to use illicit substances during holiday periods and some may even choose to travel to destinations that are associated with drug use — a phenomenon sometimes referred to as ‘drug tourism’ — this means that from a European drug policy perspective the issue of drug use and travel has become more important. This Thematic paper examines travellers...
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...1. The early history of Occupational Health and Safety Laws and significant historical events that helped to shape current laws 1833 The first HM Factory Inspectorate was formed in the UK. The major goal of the Inspectorate was to inspect factories and workshops to prevent injuries of child textile workers (Factories and Workshops: Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops, 1842, p. 9). 1837 Priestly vs. Fowler case in the UK was used to establish occupational health and safety as part of common law. In this case, a butcher’s assistant sued his employer after he fell from the overloaded cart and was injured (Bohle & Quinlan, 2000, p. 319). 1840 A Royal Commission in the UK published the findings on the state of working conditions in the mining industry, documenting the appallingly dangerous conditions for workers and high rate of accidents (including fatal ones) in mines. This case led to the public outrage and the adoption of the Mines Act of 1842. The Mines Act led to the establishment of an Inspectorate for mines and collieries to improve safety environment and prosecutions. Under this act, inspectors had the right to enter and inspect premises at their discretion by 1850 (Lavalette, 1999, p. 101). 1880 One of the first voluntary standardizing bodies, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was established . Actually, the creation of ASME was connected with a reported “50,000 fatalities a year caused by explosions” that occurred in pressures...
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...Drivers of Brand Commitment: A Cross-National Investigation Name Institution Drivers of Brand Commitment: A Cross-National Investigation Introduction Brand commitment is the degree of psychological links between consumers and service or products they purchase. In fact, commitment towards a brand is the loyalty of consumers towards certain services and products produced by distinct businesses. Brands are a vital component of businesses, this is because they develop customer relationships which eventually results in performance of the business (Eisingerich & Rubera, 2010). Customer brand loyalty is repetitive purchasing of the particular service or product with biasness over other commodities attributed to the psychological evaluation by the consumer. Businesses are thus tasked with cultivating high brand commitment by using brand drivers to enhance performance. Brand drivers are attributes which generate strong impacts on the customer purchasing behaviors (Perrey, Spillecke & Armstrong, 2011). Brand commitment can be further elaborated as a consumer’s psychological pledge to have a long term attachment in terms of relationship towards a service or product they purchase into future times (MacInnis, Park, & Priester, 2014). Brand commitment is the supportive longevity behavior that a consumer exudes intentionally for a service or product. Initially, brand commitment starts with a consumer wanting to possess the particular service or goods which later...
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...strongest outcomes have been obtained with a single, long (3-5 hour) session with a therapist, followed by a briefer follow-up session a week or so later. 2. How common are anxiety disorders? The most recent British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey1 estimates that 16.4% of the population have a diagnosable anxiety and/or depressive disorder. The diagnostic system that was used in the survey (ICD-10) is different from the diagnostic system (DSM-IV) that has been used in most trials of psychological treatments. For this reason, it is difficult to be precise about the number of individuals in the UK who have anxiety disorders for which there is an evidence based psychological treatment. The key difference between the two diagnostic systems is that ICD-10 has a mixed anxiety and depression category whereas DSM-IV does not. However, it seems reasonable to assume that about half of the UK cases of “anxiety and/or depressive disorder” will have problems that were the focus of treatment in anxiety disorder treatment trials. In other...
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...| | | | Name | Celestine | Gumaj | | Personal Identifier | 65743f | | | Code | Gb45| | | Assignment Number | 780 | | | Part 1. How are people influenced by the society they live in? Dictionary.reference.com defined Influence as the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behaviour, opinions, etc., of others while Oxford dictionary defined society as a community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws and organisations. People can be influenced in the society they live in by the role of law that regulates adults as members of the society which includes how civil liability known as law of negligence and criminal liability such as theft could influence people. (The Open University 2013, Block 1, page 87). Civil law is used to settle dispute between individuals, the party at fault would have to pay compensation or comply with another suitable outcome. A judge would have to hear both party and make a final decision. On the other hand, criminal law is about creating laws for protection of all individuals within society and for the punishment of those individuals who break the law. Criminal law sets out types of behaviour that are forbidden, such as theft, and if such behaviour occurs then punishment follows. Negligence could occur as an act of omission which could foresee the injury of a neighbour. In other to guide against negligence, the ‘’neighbour...
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...A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY YEARS PROVISION ON YOUNG CHILDREN, WITH EMPHASIS GIVEN TO CHILDREN FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS Edward C. Melhuish Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues Birkbeck, University of London Prepared for the National Audit Office The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the National Audit Office. Address of author Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues 7 Bedford Square London WC1B 3RA Email: e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 1.1. The context of childcare research 1.2 Types of childcare and pre-school provision 1.3 Evidence on developmental effects 1.4 Structure of report 7 7 8 10 10 2. Childcare as intervention 2.1 Research methodology 2.2 Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) 2.2.1 Ypsilanti/High Scope/Perry Pre-school Study 2.2.2 Abecedarian Project 2.2.3 Project CARE 2.2.4 Milwaukee Project 2.2.5 Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) 2.2.6 Early Head Start (EHS) 2.2.7 Hackney study Table 1: Summary of Randomised Control Trials of Interventions 2.3 Quasi-experimental Studies 2.3.1 Head Start 2.3.2 Chicago Child – Parent Center Program 2.3.3 Syracuse Study 2.3.4 Brookline Early Education Project 2.3.5 Diverse State-based programmes in the US 2.3.6 Meta-analyses and reviews Table 2: Summary of Quasi-experimental Evaluations of Interventions 2.3.7 Summary...
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...Academic Roots: The Past and Present of Entrepreneurial Marketing Dr. Gerald E. Hills Turner Chair and Professor of Entrepreneurship Bradley University 1501 West Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625 E-mail: hills.gerald@gmail.com Claes M. Hultman, PhD Professor of Business Administration Swedish Business School Orebro University SE-701 82 OREBRO, Sweden Phone: +46-19303522 Fax: +46-19332546 E-mail: claes.hultman@oru.se Dr. Hills holds the Turner Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at Bradley University and he chairs the annual Research Symposium on Marketing and Entrepreneurship. His current research interests include entrepreneurial marketing and opportunity recognition. Claes M. Hultman holds a chair in Marketing at Swedish Business School at Örebro University and he is the author of many books and articles in marketing & entrepreneurship. His current research interests include entrepreneurial marketing and commercialisation processes in innovation based firms. Abstract Research in Entrepreneurial marketing is about 30 years old. During this period research has followed many trajectories. Two important but divergent routes are small business marketing versus entrepreneurial marketing mirroring the discourse of small businesses versus entrepreneurial firms. Today small business marketing and entrepreneurial marketing are regarded as separate research fields, however related. EM-researches have been very openminded towards different approaches in methodology, especially...
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... 4 2. Introduction 4 3. Overview of Unilever and Nestle 4 3.1. Company Facts-Vision and Mission 5 3.2. Company Facts-Core Business Sectors 5 3.3. Company Facts- Business Strategy 5 4. Global branding 6 4.1. Standardization vs. regional adaptation 6 4.1.1. Language 6 4.1.2. Cultural differences 7 4.2. Advertisement 8 4.2.1. Religious issues 8 4.2.2. Comparative advertising 8 4.2.3. Innovation ...
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...Maslow+Rogers: advocates of non-directive and person-centred approach to education_laid the psychological framework for the movement of Open education in the USA. Open classrooms very popular in the 1970s. Examples: In Denmark: Bernadotteskolen in Hellerup in UK: Summerhill School. Also the Montessori schools. See timeline and influence of humanistic education principles http://www.playmountain.org/philo_timeline.htm Purpose of humanistic education: provide foundation for personal growth + development towards life-long learning in a self-directed manner and selfactualisation (De Carvalho 1991). Rogers (1959): the role of humanistic teachers is to organise the classrooms so that students will “wish to learn, want to grow, seek to find out, hope to master, and desire to create”. Open classrooms: humanistic education ideology taken into the classroom vs. traditional classrooms Traditional classroom Teacher-centred (teachers responsible for the learning) Teacher tell students what to do Fixed curriculum and no connection between the subjects Open classroom Student centred and student self-directed +independent+responsible Teacher=facilitator Students free to choose what to study + integration of subjects across the curriculum Material for study fixed Students can use a variety of learning materials Students work alone Students work alone or in groups (cooperative learning) Focus on grades + standardised tests Grades and tests not important: evaluation in terms of meaningfulness to student Students...
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...Correlation does not imply causation Almost daily we are in (mainly) news media whose owner has a structure similar to some of the following: One study claims that the more A, the more B A study says that those who are to have less B. A study says that since A is, then B is the other way. In principle, all these headlines indicate that basically what it says A is causing B to happen, or what is the same, that B is a consequence of A. Normally, when one reads the news, just realizing that so there is a correlation between A and B (come on, a relationship between these two events ), but in principle, without any indication that either one of them, even in this case, we cause the other B. (Oakes, 2012) The study of the correlation between two variables is one of the issues in question in Statistics. To summarize a bit, the question would be something like the following: - From certain data from each of these variables one estimates if there is any relationship between them. The one most frequently studied is called linear regression (by which we seek if there is no linear relationship between the variables), but there are many more possible types: quadratic, exponential, logarithmic... - With these data a function (which, for example, is a straight linear regression) that determines us exactly what the relationship between these variables is calculated. - The actual correlation between them is studied (ie, how strong is the relationship that we calculated based on the...
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...Assignment Cover Page ENGLISH COMPOSITION II 2012-12-ENC-102-OL013 Assignment: Module 6 Unit 10 Assignment Due Date: 02-23-2013 A Compulsory Review of Quixotic Gun Control Distributed February 23, 2012 Prepared for Ms. Catherine Peck TESC English Comp Mentor Abstract Few events in life demand your immediate attention like gun violence. These events are always shocking and bring about deep emotions that can take us on quixotic crusades, resulting in ineffective and restrictive regulations. Universal evidence and correlations have long been offered as proof of the mantra that more guns mean more violence and fewer guns, therefore, mean less violence (Godwin 281). While the hearts and souls of the regulatory author are well placed, all too often the resulting debate is rooted in erroneous statistics and unrepresentative comparisons. To illustrate Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced Assault Weapons Ban legislation that would ban any weapon with a grip on the premise they are too easy to get and used too often for bad (Feinstein). The NRA states “the average annual number of background checks for the last five years, 2007-2011, is 25 percent higher than for NICS’ first five complete years, 1999-2003” (NRA). The NRA also states “In 2009 alone some 1,868,268 pistols were imported or exported by U.S. manufacturers, according to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE) data (NRA). If the old mantra holds true overall crime should...
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