...Use of Animals 1. Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Lillie Johnson Psych/540 March 3, 2013 Cindy Fouhy Use of Animals 2. Introduction Through the study of animals in different forms of research, psychologists have introduced to us a understanding that is better of human issues in which solving a problem have been easily found. Issues in human like aging, drug addition, side effects, and anxiety have been built through the use of animals. In psychological research, the rules of ethics is a important idea. The rules supply an outline in which researchers are obligated to supply information concerning the motive of the research, deception in research, the use of animals in studies of research, and human care. My paper will focus on the use of animals as an issue of classical ethics in a...
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...Current Ethical Issues in Animal Research Research involving animals consistently improves medical progress for more than two centuries. However, for most of that time, it has met with moral objections because of the suffering it can cause the animals. Though animal welfare laws have reduced the number of laboratory animals globally, ethical concerns remain.The word ‘ethics’ is used in many contexts, for the purposes of this essay, “It is an examination of the acceptability of the motives that drive the behaviour of people. ”(Dolan, 1999). Ethical issues in animal research have been discussed frequently in public these few years. Accurate global figures for animal testing are difficult to obtain. According to the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) (2012), 100 million vertebrates are experimented on around the world every year, 10–11 million of them in the European Union. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that the total number of animals used in that country in 2012 was almost 950,000, but this figure does not include rats and mice, which make up about 90% of research animals. Reports show that at least 20% of these animals do not receive painkillers and are used in painful experiments. Animal rights advocates are pressing government agencies to impose heavy restrictions on animal research. However, there is a growing concern over the threat restrictions on the use of animals would pose to scientific progress. Whether such experiments...
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...benefits and risk, and defining ethics of the use of animals in research. Animal research is a topic which is ethically sound and a concerning manner to researchers of the psychological field. There are issues of tests run on the animals which are controversial in manner and a part of the (APA) American Psychological Association ethical issue. The APA is a organization for psychologists in the United States, and designs rules and guides the profession of psychologists as well as other medical personnel. The impact of the testing of animals in the research of psychology will be included in the discussion. Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Animals in Research Ethics help guide researchers around ethical dilemmas that may arise when conducting research. Example questions would be is it acceptable to avoid telling the participant of a study as to what the researcher is looking for and testing about? In what instances is it acceptable and when is it not? The development of research ethics helps guide researchers to find the necessary answer to the different question types (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). Conducting a scientific research is when researchers look for facts, try to prove theories, and declare the findings the truth, and those conducting research must use the ethics guidelines (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). The research study or projects could be a loss if the start of the research begins with a lie because the information...
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...Science defines human life as a characteristic that exhibit a process with organization, growth, adaptation, etc.; however, ancient sages told people human life is extremely valuable and sacred, as a religious doctrine in the Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not kill.” Moreover, when people talk about ethics, they will think about rules to differentiate right and wrong. It might be wise maxims of Confucius or religious beliefs. The most general way to define “ethics” is that “moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior” (American English in Oxford Dictionary). Bioethics is a pretty young interdisciplinary study, which is considered with ethical questions related to the relationships among human beings, animals, and environments in the late twentieth century. Based on this, bioethics derived three main subdisciplines, which are medical ethics, animal ethics, and environmental ethics. Although each sub-discipline has particular study area in bioethics, there still are overlaps of ethical considerations and approaches. This makes it difficult to easily discuss ethics questions such as stem cell research, xenotransplantation, the ethical status of animals and the ethical status of the environment. Further discussion about the vital issue of moral status solutions is necessary at the same time. In the rapid development of the natural sciences and biotechnology has greatly promoted better living conditions and improve the living standards of people around the world...
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...Ethics Issue: Back in 1933 there was a cosmetic product that was in the market called Lash Lure. This product was a mascara product that many women were using on their eyelashes to make the look longer and bolder. Lash Lure had contained p-phenylenediamine, which was an untested chemical that proved to be harmful to the customers using it. The p-phenylenediamine caused horrible blisters, abscesses, and ulcers on the face, eyelids, and eyes of the consumers who used Lash Lure, and it led to blindness for some. In one instance, the ulcers were so severe that a woman developed a bacterial infection and died. This incident and others like it led the United States Congress to pass the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act of 1938. This law gave the FDA regulatory authority over cosmetic products, and companies began to test products and ingredients on animals in an effort to assure safety for consumers. The FDA “urges cosmetic manufacturers to conduct whatever tests are appropriate to establish that their cosmetics are safe”, but “does not specifically mandate animal testing for cosmetic safety.” The issue that is being raised is it ethical to harm an animal for the sake of marketing a new cosmetic product. Facts: Every year, an estimated 70 million animals are maimed or killed for cosmetic testing in the US alone, and nearly $12 billion taxpayer dollars are spent yearly on the practice. Labs that use mice, rats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are exempted from the minimal protections...
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...contemporaries disagreed with this ethical standpoint on how to treat animals. John Locke, an English physician, philosopher, and contemporary, openly disagreed and stated that humans should not conduct these painful biomedical experiments on animals, and that animals contain some human-like characteristics and are capable of feeling pain. Locke believed that conducting these harmful experiments and mistreating animals could potentially lead to a path of also harming humans. Immanuel Kant, another important contemporary, also expressed his views against pointless harmful experiments against animals. He stated that animals were indeed conscious beings which could feel pain and it would be unethical and...
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...Animal Rights Introduction Ethics and morality have consistently been topics of concern in our society. Concerns about ethics and morality also extend to matters associated with the treatment of animals. The purpose of this discussion is to summarize and critique several different theories associated with the ethical treatment of animals. The discussion will focus on the treatment of animals as it relates to hunting and trapping animals, eating animals, using animals for research, and the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated. The research will summarize and critique several theories including anthropocentrism, Animal liberation, Strong Animal Rights Theory, Weak(er) animal rights theory, Two-factor egalitarianism, biocentric egalitarianism, ecocentric views. Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism views human being as the center of the universe and regards the world from the point of view of human values and experiences (Dictionary). According to the western philosopher Immanuel Kant human beings alone are rational beings and as such have intrinsic moral worth. Kant asserts that human beings do not owe animals anything because they are not rational beings. However, he does assert that people should be kind to animals but only because kindness to animals assists in developing character in human beings. In other words kindness to animals should not take place for the sake of the animal but for the betterment of the human being. In addition to Kant...
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...18.0 Bioethical Issues 18.1 Biotech & Human Health MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Who was the physician who created the oath that is taken by all doctors? |a. |Socrates | |b. |Hippocrates | |c. |Galileo | |d. |Reed | 2. It looks promising that stem cell research will provide a cure for what disease? |a. |Diabetes | |b. |Parkinson’s | |c. |Lung cancer | |d. |Both a and b | 3. What is one of the greatest ethical questions in biotechnology? |a. |When does life begin? | |b. |When does life end? | |c. |Should sex changes be allowed? | |d. |Is it moral to transplant organs? | 4. Which president halted further stem cell research from human embryos? |a. |Ronald Reagan | |b. |Jimmy Carter | |c. |Bill Clinton | |d. |George W. Bush | 5. Injuries to the nervous system are difficult to treat...
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...500 million animals are subjected to inhumane experiments in the name of scientific research (Linzey, 2013). Evidence to support the practise of vivisection is confronting and highly criticised. However, it is essential society apply careful consideration in regard to the positive ground-breaking outcomes of these experiments and the encouraging positive impacts they have on human life. Nonetheless, rationalization is warranted for inflicting unnecessary treatment to innocent animals who cannot represent themselves. Strong advocacy provided by animal protections and research scientist, both contribute valid arguments for and against the practise of vivisection. A central determinant to these claims is questioning morality, who...
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...questions, then you have consumed a product that has been tested on animals. Animal testing is a phrase that many people may come into contact with, but are unsure of what it really means. Some individuals have very misguided notions of what they believe it is. They think it deals with torturing helpless animals. What is animal testing? It is the use of non-human animals in experiments and lab settings. Now that you know that those brands use animal testing and have a better understanding of what animal testing is, do you vow to stop using those products because you are strongly against animal experimentation? If you answered yes, then you’re also going to have to stop using Clearasil, Crest, Febreeze, Neutrogena, Tide, and a ton of other merchandises. In the interest of preserving human health and progress, government should continue to allow strictly monitored and regulated animal testing because it is the best alternative to human testing, is essential for safety reasons, and is beneficial to advancing biological and medical knowledge Don’t be fooled when products claim to be “cruelty free” or “not tested on animals”, because although this claim may refer to the final product, many of the ingredients have in fact been tested on animals. Animal testing has been and will probably continue to be a very controversial issue where both sides are passionate in what they believe in. Let’s face it, animal experimentation is integral to our everyday lives. “A survey conducted...
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...Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics Foreword by Pro-Vice Chancellor Research The University of Nottingham‟s Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics provides a comprehensive framework for good research conduct and the governance of all research carried out across the University. The Code underpins the University‟s commitment to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, rigour and excellence in all aspects of our research and for all research to be conducted according to the appropriate ethical, legal and professional frameworks and standards. The Code is a fundamental component of the research environment which is characterised by our culture of research integrity, good research practice, and the development and training of researchers at all stages of their careers. The Code outlines the duty of researchers including their responsibilities towards all participants and subjects of research including humans, animals, the environment and cultural materials, and it provides a basis for the transparent and appropriate communication and dissemination of research findings. The University welcomes the national framework for good research conduct and governance published as the Concordat to Support Research Integrity and endorses the Concordat as a recipient of public funding for research. This Code has been reviewed to be consistent with the commitments and aims of the Concordat and is the basis for applying...
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...Ethical Analysis of News Issue: Animal Rights Clearly define the ethical issue and provide a brief explanation as to why it is important. (4 marks) To many people, the concept of animal rights is absurd and long drawn. However, animal activism has increased in the recent past with formation of such organizations as PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) that seek to incorporate ethics when addressing issues related to animals (Joyce 2014, par. 1). Apparently, animal rights activists argue that animals too have rights as is with human beings. Their arguments are anchored in the premise that there should ethical rules that guide our treatment of animals. This implies that human beings have no permission to do some of the things on an animal notwithstanding the situation (Bekoff 2009, p. 14). In fact, the animal rights advocacy groups agitate for legislation of non-negotiable prohibition of animal mistreatment. However, there is a growing concern about the specific rights that animals given the fact that majority of definitions have not actually outlined the rights. The issue of animal rights is important especially in the wake of public policies that are informed by the arguments of animal ethics. Just recently, Australia and New Zealand had to cut their exports of animals to Pakistan given the brutality and cruelty that the animals suffered when being slaughtered (Joyce 2014, par. 6). For majority of the activists, animals have intrinsic value and should...
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...Introduction ❖ Group point of view • Society - Points to concern Government Education Economic Definition • ❖ Environmental ethics • ❖ Protection of environment • ❖ Overview worldwide environmental problematic (Introduction to the problem) Global warming Main types of pollution Preservation of trees Animal experimentation Disagreement • Business Utilitarianism Anthropocentric ethics Kantian theory Counterargument Agreement To future generation Giving a great habitat to animals Biocentric ethics Ecocentric ethics Conclusion We live with the world Introduction: Since the environment problem has taken attention in today's society, there have been number of opinions about our obligations with nature. Some people claim that human has the right to act and that nature is here just to satisfy human desires and needs. In the other hand, there is a group of people who state that this argument sound egoist because we are not the only species living in this world and we should share this earth with species. “Individuals can not be used as merely as a means to the end- there are ends in themselves” Kant basic ideas here are that persons have the position to make rational choice about their own lives. They have moral autonomy and fee will. This fact about person confers dignity upon them. They command respect. To treat people as a mean to some other end, be it own welfare or that of others, it is fail to...
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...the skin, gruesome wounds appeared, but at what cost? The humans never stop. Once they eliminate one side effect, they continue their search--leaving behind physically and emotionally damaged animals. Animals who will never have the chance to truly live. Life becomes dreadful when one never knows the next time he or she will be injected with peculiar chemicals or concoctions. These foreign substances can cause complications in all organisms. Annually, over 100 billion animals are killed each year from testing in laboratories. This number does not include those who are have developed disabilities....
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