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Anxiety

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Anxiety, Mood/Affective, Dissociative/Somatoform Disorders
Lisa Mac Donald-Clark
PSY/410
January 9, 2012
Mark Hurd
Anxiety, Mood/Affective, Dissociative/Somatoform Disorders There are few things in this world as complex and fascinating as the inner workings of the human mind. Understanding mental disorders will afford people the opportunity recognize when an individual is suffering from a disorder, offer assistance, and support for friends and family who suffer from a disorder and be better equip to distinguish normal and abnormal behaviors and characteristics in oneself. By analyzing the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of anxiety, mood/affective and dissociative/somatoform disorder one can begin to understand and identify the complexity of mental disorders. Diagnostic categories and classification for the use of identifying and diagnosing mental disorders is outlined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) (Hansell & Damour, 2008). This paper will explore the major categories of anxiety, mood/affective and dissociative/somatoform disorders, list symptoms associated with each, and discuss the biological, cognitive, and behavioral influences of each. The DSM IV-TR category for anxiety encompasses several disorders that fall within similar or shared symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, specific phobias, and general anxiety disorder are a few covered in the matrix. The matrix also categorizes mood/affective disorders to include hypomanic episode, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and manic episodes. Dissociative/somatoform categories are dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative fugue, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, somatization disorder (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Symptoms vary based on category and disorder the matrix does demonstrate several similarities.
Anxiety Disorder Anxiety disorders are those disorders in which the individual experiences an abnormally high level of fear or excessive arousal accompanied with a feeling of uncertainty or apprehension (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Symptoms under this category include inability to concentrate because of a preoccupation with objects or routines, excessive or irrational fear of objects or situations, inability to relax or rest one’s mind. Cognitively anxiety distracts one’s mind with fear and thoughts of apprehension enabling the individual to focus on new tasks and compromising learning and memory functions. Anxiety can cause individual to become irritable and more emotional as he or she struggles to deal with the stress. Antisocial behaviors are common with those who suffer from anxiety disorders as the persons will avoid scenarios and groups that may seem more stressful. As a coping device some individuals will turn to chemical release through substance abuse and addictions can follow. Anxiety is common in both men and women and has no cultural biases. Biologically anxiety can have some long-term effects such as high blood pressure, sleep depravity, and bad diet that carry health risks and side effects. Fear and anxiety are natural feelings and responses to appropriate situations but when an individual becomes emotionally paralyzed or enslaved by such feelings in the absence of any imminent danger evaluation and treatment may be necessary.

Mood/Affective Influx in an individual’s mood and demeanor are normal and occur on daily basis for most people as encounters with different people and exposure to different situations will warrant change to cope. For some individuals prolong periods of emotional downs or excessively high and positive moods or combinations of the two can exist. The disorders resulting from instable moods have a range of symptoms including depression, fatigue, change in appetite, thoughts of suicide, and feelings of hopelessness. Because the severity of episodes can vary diagnosis can be difficult, change in moods is normal and based on circumstances more dramatic emotions is also justifiable. Alterations in cognitive functions for individuals with mood disorders result when serotonin level in the amygdala and limbic sections of the brain fluctuate (Adolphs, Baron-Cohen, & Tranel, 2002). Emotional strain and irritability toward social groups is common with these disorders. Individual suffering from a mood/affective disorder commonly are disruptive in groups settings and behaviors are inappropriate and sporadic. These conditions are linked to chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters, causing the persons to seek external stimulations to compensate. Through research and testing it has been found that bipolar disorders hold a genetic trait allowing faster and more accurate diagnosis (Adolphs, Baron-Cohen, & Tranel, 2002). Dissociative and somatoform disorders. Dissociative and somatoform disorders are major disruptions that occur in one’s conscious flow, effecting memory, identity, and daily experiences (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Dissociation in small levels is a normal occurrence for individuals through day dreams and déjà vu. Those people who suffer from dissociative and somatoform disorders have extreme cases that interfere with daily activities and ability to live a normal life. Loss of normal integrative functions of one’s memory, identity, perception, and consciousness resulting in breaks from reality and the inability to determine reality from fantasy. Such breaks can be accompanied with amnesia leaving the person with no memory of previous events. With somatoform an individual may lose tactile sensations, experiences double vision, or have fits of hysteria from phantom pain (Nijenhuis, 2000). Cognitive perceptual distortions for individuals where dissociative disorders are prevalent results in loss of memory and sometimes in gaining memories under identity changes can occur. Individuals suffering from somatoform have fewer cognitive disruptions although preoccupation with aliments may redirection attention and loss of focus (Nijenhuis, 2000). Emotional breaks are common with dissociative and somatoform disorders along with mood swings based on frustration and changes in character traits. Such breaks lead to lack of social skills and difficulty in personal relationships. People with these disorders behave irrationally and are unpredictable; the behaviors may be seen as reckless in some situations. Both dissociative and somatoform are found in adults and children and have on cultural parameters. Somatoform disorders can cause the individual to experience pain with no a physical connection present. Conclusion Although all these mental disorders range in severity, symptoms, and effects on individual components of daily life; there is a common thread. Each is a result of a psychological break causing an exaggeration in one’s perception of environment and stimulus. All of the disorders discussed in the matrix are based on normal feelings, emotion, and reactions to situations; it is the fixation on those elements that result in abnormal behaviors and onsite of disorders. The continuum between what is viewed as normal and abnormal is controlled by one perception of the external world and influences on the internal mind.

References
Adolphs, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Tranel, D. (2002, November). Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1264-1274.
Hansell, J. and Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Nijenhuis, E.R.S. (2000). Somatoform Dissociation: major symptoms of dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1(4), 7-32.

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Lisa MacDonald-Clark
DSM IV-TR Matrix
|Disorder | Categories |Symptoms/Diagnosis |Cognitive |Behaviour |Biological |Treatment |
| |Hypomanic episode |Depression |An individual attention, |Disruptive behavior |Mood disorders are |Talk therapy |
|Mood/Affective | | |memory, and recognition |in group settings. |linked to chemical |Psychotherapy |
| |Dysthymic disorder |Feeling of hopelessness |are impaired when lower |Increased |imbalances in |Mood stabilizer |
| | | |levels of serotonin in |irritability with |neurotransmitters. |medications |
| |Bipolar disorder |Thoughts of suicide |the amygdala and limbic |peer groups |Bipolar disorders |Anti-depressant |
| | | |regions of the brain. |resulting in |have been found to |medications |
| |Cyclothymic disorder |Fatigue | |aggression. |have a genetic link. | |
| | | | |Poor judgment | | |
| |Manic episode |Change in appetite | |Large swing in sex | | |
| | | | |drives both increase| | |
| |Mixed episode | | |and decrease. | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| |(Hansell & Damour, | | | | | |
| |2008). | | | | | |
| |Dissociative amnesia |The individual will lose |Cognitive perceptual |Individual may |Found in both |Cognitive therapy |
|Dissociative/ |Depersonalization |ability to integrate |distortions for |change entire |children and adults. |Integration therapy |
|Somatoform |disorder |memories and functions of |individual with |personality and |Experiencing physical|Psychoanalysis |
| |Dissociative fugue |memory, identity and |dissociative disorders |characteristics. |pain with no physical|Anti-depressants |
| |Dissociative identity |perception, and |are prevalent. Loss of | |cause. |Psychiatric medications|
| |disorder |consciousness (Nijenhuis, |memory as well as gain of|Unpredictable | |(Nijenhuis, 2000). |
| |Body dysmorphic |2000). |memory under identity |changes in mood. | | |
| |disorder |Individual experiences |changes. | | | |
| |Conversion disorder |breaks from reality and is|An individual with |Self-conscious and | | |
| |Hypochondriasis |unable to recognize |somatoform experiences |low body image. | | |
| |Pain disorder |fantasy from reality. |fewer cognitive | | | |
| |Somatization disorder |Amnesia |interruptions. |Lack of personal | | |
| |Undifferentiated |Loss of tactile sensations|Preoccupation with |relationships and | | |
| |somatoform disorder |Modification of character |aliments may redirect |social skills. | | |
| |(Hansell & Damour, |Hysterical attacks |attention and loss of | | | |
| |2008). |Double vision |focus on tasks. | | | |
| | | |(Nijenhuis, 2000). | | | |

Reference

Hansell, J. and Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Adolphs, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Tranel, D. (2002, November). Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1264-1274.
Nijenhuis, E.R.S. (2000). Somatoform Dissociation: major symptoms of dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1(4), 7-32.

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