...Version 1.0: 0107 abc General Certificate of Education Psychology 5186 Specification B Unit 1 (PYB1) Introducing Psychology Mark Scheme 2007 examination - January series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to...
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE This course aims at preparing students for a professional journey in the growing field of psychology by creating interest and developing an understanding of basic concepts of the discipline. Its major concerns include fostering capability to meet the challenges of self-discovery and effective participation in responding to the needs of society. With a vision to create a balance between society and the individual, the course intends to enable students in developing abilities needed for meeting the challenges and needs of the real world effectively. Along with it, students would also be encouraged to build a relationship with oneself, requisite for self discovery. To this end, the course emphasizes on building the conceptual foundations and acquiring psychological skills through classroom teaching/learning consisting of reflective as well as creative engagement in exercises, projects and hands on experiences. The teaching-learning of the programme would be organized through lectures, group discussions, experiential exercises, group projects, presentations, workshops and seminars. Students would be encouraged to connect to real life issues and participate in the programs and practices in the different social context. To this end practicum is incorporated as an important component in most of the papers with hands on training in the use of various research methods such as: laboratory experiments, field experiments, observation, testing, survey, interview, case...
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...Liberation psychology aims towards people achieving freedom from power structures of oppression, but the discipline has in the past, not given much attention to oppression and its effects. Nevertheless, some views have been put forward to bring attention to oppression and social domination. This essay will provide an exposition of the psychology of oppression by using three main approaches, namely authoritarianism, social identity theory and social domination theory. It will also include a discussion of the psychological consequences of oppression for both, the oppressed and the oppressor, as well as suggesting possible forms of resistance against oppression and its effects. The psychology of oppression Firstly, authoritarianism is the tendency...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...It’s clear that the world is divided into two genders, and these two sexes have been a subject of definition by every known society. The culture is seen as a huge determinant to the roles that each gender will play. Therefore, sexism will be defined as a social construct that promotes the discrimination of individuals based on an individual’s gender. Sexism arises from stereotypes that define the roles of both sexes, therefore having issues when the gender roles are performed by the opposite sex. This social construct mainly affects the minority group identified as women and girls. Sexism is recognized in all aspect of life, and it’s not strange to identify it in the technology industry. The male figure has always identified its gender role as the provider. This social construct originated from the nature of man been the hunter who provided his family with their daily meal. Therefore relegating the women to the role of caretaker and this aspect has kept its hold over the society. In the 21st century, sexism has been a covert and subtle process that tries to establish an environment that is less friendly and less accessible to women. It’s clear that sexism is evident in the Silicon Valley and beyond. We also identify that the technology aspect has always been associated with male perspective. Therefore, it has become common to hear a conversation about women who have suffered sexism and sexual harassment in their digital related jobs. Women have also been identified to facilitate...
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...COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY PYC 4811 MEHROONISA ANSARI STUDENT NUMBER: 568-578-8 TOPIC: Critically compare and contrast the Community psychology and Public Health Approaches to social problems. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE Introduction 1 Community Psychology Approach 1 Public Health Approach 1 Similarities between both approaches 2 Differences between both approaches 2-3 Conclusion 3 1/… Introduction In my critical evaluation of the Community Psychology Approach and the Public Health Approaches to social problems, I will begin by explaining what each approach is about, then draw similarities and differences between the two approaches and then end my evaluation with a discussion on the controversies surrounding the two approaches and the way forward. Community Psychology Approach Community Psychology became popular in South Africa in the 1980’s when psychologists were...
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...mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature; genes, innate or inherited factors. One mark for outlining the term nurture; environment, experience. AO2 Marks to be awarded for explaining the debate; a controversy within psychology that is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of a...
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...Examine the various ways in which feminist explore rape. Do you agree with Stanko? What approach do you think is most effective? The different theories of feminism take multiple approaches in analyzing rape. Radical feminism sees sexism rooted in masculine power and privilege. Patriarchy became the norm in families where men control women’s sexuality. Brownmiller (1975) reasons this is accepted because the biological predestination of men is that of a natural predator and women as natural prey. Sexual violence in the form of sexual harassment, rape, and pornography are methods that men use to maintain that power over women (MacKinnon, 1984). Other radical feminist disagree that victimization of women is the result of anatomical differences...
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...women, compliance was negatively related with all other motives when grievance was positively connected with identity and negatively associated with excitement. Identity was positively associated with excitement for women but negatively associated for men. There were gender differences in motives. Men scored higher on identity and excitement, when women scored higher than did men on compliance and grievance. Women were more likely to have compliance as a primary motivation. There was also association of motives with escalation. Of these engaging in two or more aggressive acts, the later acts were more aggressive than first acts at the same level of aggression. Moreover, there was association of motives with severity of aggression. The coefficients from multilevel bivariate linear regression of severity on each motive with separate models for men and women and for the first or only act and for the second act. The present research applied the theory of coercive actions to understanding the escalation and severity of aggression occurring in the context of licensed premises. This approach provides new insight into motives for aggression and how these motives are different for men and women. They found gender differences in the nature, frequency and motives for aggression. Article, Apparent motives...
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...HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community Nicole Donald Capella University HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community HIV/AIDS is prevalent in the African American community. African Americans are among the highest risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been an issue in the African-American community for a number of years. This learner will provide a general overview on the ethnic population under study but will have a particular focus on black heterosexual men for the purpose contributing to the much lacking knowledge base on this particular population subset. Problem Statement The topic of HIV/AIDS is relevant to mental health counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS...
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...Abnormal Behavior Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that studies behaviors, thoughts, and moods that are outside the bounds of what is widely considered as normal in a certain culture. The concept of abnormality is defined differently in different cultures as behaviors of a particular culture may be abnormal to another culture. In order to clearly understand what abnormal psychology is, it is very imperative to first understand what is defined as abnormal. The concept of abnormality is defined in relation to norms of a particular group or culture and hence anything (behavior, thought, or emotion) that is outside the norms of a particular group of people, gender, or age is considered as abnormal. Many people can follow under the normal curve where many human beings are clustered around the highest point of the curve called the average point. Any person who follows far from the average point in the normal curve is considered as abnormal. Different elements of abnormal psychology have brought about differences in definition, approaches, and treatment. These elements include; suffering, adaptation failure, incomprehensibility, vividness, violation of moral and ideal standards, unpredictability and loss of control, and incomprehensibility as well as irrationality. This study indicates how these elements bring about differences in definitions, approaches, and treatment of abnormality. Suffering is generally defined as the aspect of feeling pain or being...
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...(introversion/extraversion). Based on the previous studies (Holloran, Doumas, 1999; Benjamin, 1999; Williams and Vantress, 1969) it is hypothesised that that 1) there will be a significant difference between locus of control, extraversion and conflict potential; 2) introverts will score higher on group adaptation scale than extraverts; 3) externals will score lower on group adaptation scale than internals. Two more hypotheses derived from the earlier findings (Bookwala, Sabine and Zdaniuk, 2005; Harris and Bohnhoff, 1996): 4) the results will differ between age and gender groups; 5) with the increase of age the conflict potential will decrease. The findings of the study suggest that locus of control (β=-1.146, p<0.01) and typology (β=.816, p<0.01) are strong predictors of conflict potential. Despite the fact that results differed between age and gender groups, no significant age (β =1.09, p>0.01) or gender (β =-4.523, p>0.01) effects on conflict potential were found. It was found that extraverts and those with external locus of control scored significantly lower on group adaptation scale thus showing...
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...education: Factors that determine outcomes of university education. S.l.: ICO. Buckingham, D., & Scanlon, M. (2004). Home learning and the educational marketplace. Oxford Review of Education, 30(2), 287-303. doi:10.1080/0305498042000215575.Cassidy, S. (2004). Learning Styles: An overview of theories, models, and measures. Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 24(4), 419-444. doi:10.1080/0144341042000228834.Charlesworth, Z. M., Cools, E., & Evans, C. (2010). Learning in higher education ? how cognitive and learning styles matter. Teaching in Higher Education, 15(4), 2010. doi:10.1080/13562517.2010.493353.Chiou, H. H., & Chen, B. H. (2012). Learning style, sense of community and learning effectiveness in hybrid learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-12. doi:10.1080/10494820.2012.680971.Day, C., Schweisfurth, M., & Gu, Q. (2010). Learning and growing in a ?foreign? context: intercultural experiences of international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 40(1), 7-23. doi:10.1080/03057920903115983.Da?, F., & Geçer, A. (2009). Relations between online...
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...for increasing supervisors’ personal power through informal channels Who’s the boss? White paper | 4.10.12 Emily Durham Contents Executive summary Personal biography The effects of power within organisations Sources of organisational power Developing the personal power of supervisors Recruitment approaches Development approaches Minimising the drawbacks of organisational power Reference ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 9 1 Emily Durham | Strategies for increasing supervisors’ personal power through informal channels Executive summary This paper highlights the influence of power within the workplace. Different sources of power are discussed, as well as the consequences of having employees who possess more informal power than their supervisors. Recommendations are made to increase supervisors’ levels of personal power, which can be implemented at both the recruitment stage and through development of supervisors. Personal biography Emily Durham has a BA, majoring in Psychology and English, and is currently working towards gaining a BA (Hons) with a focus in Industrial, Work and Organisational Psychology. 2 Emily Durham | Strategies for increasing supervisors’ personal power through informal channels The effects of power within organisations Power can be defined as the ability to overcome adversity in the attempt to influence others’ behaviour and opinions, with the intention of obtaining desired results...
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...MEMORY-WORK: AN INTRODUCTION Jennie Small University of Technology, Sydney Research methodology, from the perspective of Critical social science, is considered as: inherently political, as inescapably tied to issues of power and legitimacy. It is assumed that methods are permeated with assumptions about what the social world is, who the social scientist is, and what the nature of the relation between them is (Lather, 1991, p.12). Critical social science moves away from description of behaviour as enduring social fact to attempting to understand how behaviour is produced, thus recasting behaviour as “the effects of contingent and contested processes of change” (Churchman, 2000, p.100 citing Scott). Feminists and those working within a social constructionist paradigm have debated whether there are research methods specific to such approaches. In other words, is there a social constructionist or feminist method? Schwandt (1994), in discussing constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human enquiry, commented that “what is unusual about the approaches cannot be explained through an examination of their methods. They are principally concerned with matters of knowing and being, not method per se” (p.118). Feminists have also considered that it is the methodology and outcomes rather than the methods which define the research as being feminist. Nonetheless, while feminists have adopted a variety of methods, they have tended to prefer qualitative...
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